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| 3469640202 | Ulysses S. Grant | 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. The Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. A primary focus of his administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. While he was personally honest, some of his associates were corrupt and his administration was tarnished by various scandals. | 0 | |
| 3469640203 | Jim Fisk | Notorious in the financial world with his partner Jay Gould. He made a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market. It would only work if the federal treasury didn't sell any gold. They tried to make sure of this by talking with President Grant and his brother in law who was paid $25,000. They bid the price of gold skyward while honest businesspeople were driven to the wall. | 1 | |
| 3469640204 | Jay Gould | United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) | 2 | |
| 3469642635 | "Boss" Tweed | Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the his reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. | 3 | |
| 3469642636 | Thomas Nast | A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians | 4 | |
| 3469645689 | Horace Greeley | An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. He used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. | 5 | |
| 3469645690 | William Belknap | US Army Major General and Government Admin in Iowa. He was the Secretary of War during the Civil war, and apparently sold weapons to France as the Secretary of war, giving him a bad reputation. | 6 | |
| 3469647845 | Roscoe Conkling | A politician from New York who served both as a member of the House and Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest. | 7 | |
| 3469647846 | James Blaine | Secretary of State in two administrations in the 1880's led early efforts to expand american influence in Latin America. He hoped to reduce tariff rates (didn't happen) but goal of cooperation between the Pan-American Union happened and continues to exist today. | 8 | |
| 3469650071 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th President of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. He withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states in order to restore local control and good will, a decision that many perceived as a betrayal of African Americans in the South. He served a single term, as he had promised in his inaugural address. | 9 | |
| 3469650072 | Denis Kearney | Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement. | 10 | |
| 3469654199 | Winfield Scott Hancock | Democrat candidate in the election of 1880 who wanted to stop Chinese immigration and ran on the platform of hard money, civil service reform, and a reduced tariff. He was defeated by James Garfield. | 11 | |
| 3469654200 | Samuel Tilden | Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low. | 12 | |
| 3469656800 | James A. Garfield | In 1880, a divided Republican Party chose him as its dark horse presidential nominee. After winning the general election, his brief time in office was marked by political wrangling. In July 1881, he was shot by a disgruntled constituent and died less than three months later. | 13 | |
| 3469656801 | Chester A. Arthur | The 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield. As president from 1881 to 1885, he advocated for civil service reform. He was named to the powerful position of customs collector for the Port of New York. He later was removed from the job by President Rutherford Hayes in an attempt to reform the spoils system. Elected to the vice presidency in 1880, he became president after Garfield died following an assassination attempt by a disgruntled job seeker. While in office, he rose above partisanship and in 1883 signed the Pendleton Act, which required government jobs to be distributed based on merit. | 14 | |
| 3469661396 | Charles J. Guiteau | Assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job. | 15 | |
| 3469667240 | Benjamin Harrison | The 23rd President of the United States in 1888. He improved America's foreign policy goals (including his proposal to annex the Hawaiian Islands) displayed his expanded vision of the nation's role in world affairs. In 1890, he signed into law the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first piece of legislation designed to prohibit industrial combinations, or trusts. In 1892, he lost his bid for reelection to Grover Cleveland by a wide margin. | 16 | |
| 3469669857 | Thomas Reed | Tough "Czar" who ruled the House of Representatives during the "billion-dollar Congress" | 17 | |
| 3469669858 | William McKinley | The 25th president of the United States, a Republican. In 1898, he led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence. In general, his bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, he was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in 1901. | 18 | |
| 3469673729 | James B. Weaver | Populist Presidential Candidate, his one million votes were 8.5% of the total votes cast from the populist party. | 19 | |
| 3469673730 | Tom Watson | Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremacist. | 20 | |
| 3469675908 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. | 21 | |
| 3469675909 | Adlai E. Stevenson | Eloquent Democratic presidential candidate who was twice swamped by popular Republican war hero | 22 | |
| 3469680658 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. | 23 | |
| 3469680659 | J.P. Morgan | Banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and renamed it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" | 24 | |
| 3469682502 | soft money | Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities. | 25 | |
| 3469765072 | cheap money | The theory that more printed money causes inflation. | 26 | |
| 3469682504 | hard money | Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. | 27 | |
| 3469684302 | sound money | misleading slogan that referred to a conservative policy of restricting the money supply and adhering to the gold standard. | 28 | |
| 3469684303 | contraction | This was the policy implemented by the Treasury when they began to accumulate gold stocks against the appointed day for resumption of metallic-money payments. This policy was coupled with the reduction of greenbacks. It had a noticeable deflationary effect—the amount of money per capita in circulation actually decreased between 1870 and 1880, This policy probably worsened the impact of the depression. But the new policy did restore the government's credit rating, and it brought the embattled greenbacks up to their full face value. | 29 | |
| 3469687532 | the "bloody shirt" | using the war to gain moral support; meaning to constantly remind voters of his military record used by Grant. Helped win moral support for the Republican party in the election of 1868 after war. | 30 | |
| 3469687533 | Gilded Age | A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. | 31 | |
| 3469687534 | spoils system | A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. | 32 | |
| 3469690509 | crop-lien system | A credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants. They held a lien on the cotton crop and the merchants and landowners were the first ones paid from its sale. What was left over went to the farmer. The system ended in the 1940s | 33 | |
| 3469690510 | pork-barrel bills | When congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity | 34 | |
| 3469690511 | populism | the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite. | 35 | |
| 3469692655 | grandfather clause | Jim Crow era state laws that discouraged African Americans from voting by saying that if your grandpa couldn't vote, then neither can you. The newly-freed slaves grandpas couldn't vote, so neither could they. Declared unconstitutional in 1915. | 36 | |
| 3469692656 | "Ohio Idea" | 1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted. | 37 | |
| 3469694497 | Black Friday | September 24, 1869. Day when Fisk and Gould's plot to corner the gold market took place. They bid the price of gold skyward but then Grant released gold from the treasury and gold plummeted but Gould and Fisk escaped without financial harm. Grant had just acted stupidly and didn't get in any serious trouble. | 38 | |
| 3469694498 | Tweed Ring | A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. This supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed, this did not last. | 39 | |
| 3469699268 | Crédit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | 40 | |
| 3469699269 | Whiskey Ring | During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. | 41 | |
| 3469702036 | Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company | A private corporation chartered by the U.S. government to encourage and guide the economic development of the newly emancipated African-American communities in the post-Civil War period. Although functioning only between 1865 and 1874, the company achieved notable successes as a leading financial institution of African-Americans. Its failure was devastating to the newly emancipated black community. | 42 | |
| 3469702037 | Liberal Republicans | Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampened further Reconstructionist efforts. | 43 | |
| 3469704786 | "Crime of '73" | In 1873 congress dropped coinage of silver dollars because of the lack of value that was put on it and the stoppage of miners selling silver. In the later 1870's new silver discoveries were made that shot production up and prices down. Westerners from silver mining states wanted a return for silver and called for the stoppage of this. Like paper money, the demand for more silver was just another scheme to promote inflation. | 44 | |
| 3469704787 | Bland-Allison Act | 1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900. | 45 | |
| 3469708236 | Greenback Labor Party | Farmers complaints and anger could also be found in this party. It had the inflationary appeal of the original Greenbackers but also had a program for improving the lot of labor. In 1878, this party pulled a million votes and elected 14 members to Congress. In 1880 it ran James B. Weaver in the presidential election but he only polled 3% of the popular vote. | 46 | |
| 3469708237 | Grand Army of the Republic | Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political stockade of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century | 47 | |
| 3469710486 | Stalwart | They were conservative Republicans who viewed themselves as firm against sitting President Rutherford B. Hayes' efforts to reform the "spoils system," led by Roscoe ("Lord Roscoe") Conkling. | 48 | |
| 3469710487 | Half-Breed | Republican faction- led by James G Blaine (congressman)- favored civil service (spoils system) reform. They were composed of the moderate faction of the party. | 49 | |
| 3469712971 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promised: 1) Remove military from South 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | 50 | |
| 3469712972 | Civil Rights Cases | 1883 - These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction to Jim Crow laws. | 51 | |
| 3469716421 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | A United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. | 52 | |
| 3469716422 | Pendleton Act | 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons. | 53 | |
| 3469718678 | Mugwumps | A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine. | 54 | |
| 3469718679 | "Redeemers" | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans. | 55 | |
| 3469721616 | Plessy v. Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate but equal". | 56 | |
| 3469721617 | Jim Crow | Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's | 57 | |
| 3469723845 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition. | 58 | |
| 3469723846 | "Mulligan letters" | Term for the letters written by James Blaine to a Boston businessman linking in a corrupt deal of federal favors to a railroad. | 59 | |
| 3469727200 | United States vs. Wong Kim Ark | Supreme Court case that ruled that practically everyone born in the United States is a U.S. citizen. | 60 | |
| 3469730247 | "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" | Samuel D. Burchard damned the Democrats in a speech as the party of "this quote"—insulting with one swift stroke the culture, the faith, and the patriotism of New York's numerous Irish American voters. | 61 | |
| 3469737231 | Billion-Dollar Congress | Republican congress of 1890. Gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. First billion dollar budget. | 62 | |
| 3469739779 | People's Party | aka Populists, this party was formed in 1892 by farmers' alliances. This party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads. | 63 | |
| 3469742615 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act | In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. | 64 | |
| 3469745096 | Colored Farmers' National Alliance | More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. | 65 | |
| 3469745097 | Farmers' Alliance | In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings, education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperatives. Women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party. | 66 | |
| 3469748951 | Wilson-Gorman Tariff | This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff. | 67 | |
| 3469758204 | McKinley Tariff | 1890- Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48% | 68 | |
| 3470718757 | Panic of 1873 | Four year economic depression caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver). | 69 | |
| 3470718758 | patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 70 | |
| 3470722210 | sharecropping | A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Many southerners used this in attempt to recreate conditions for Blacks prior to the Civil War. | 71 | |
| 3470722211 | Homestead Strike | Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers | 72 |
