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| 2834511318 | new immigrants | Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in the ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate. | 0 | |
| 2834552998 | settlement houses | Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. | 1 | |
| 2834563961 | Liberal Protestants | Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era. | 2 | |
| 2834567026 | Tuskegee Institute | A normal and industrial institute led by Booker T. Washington in Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality. | 3 | |
| 2834570596 | land-grant colleges | Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century; many of today's public universities derive from these grants. | 4 | |
| 2834577201 | pragmatism | A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. They embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. | 5 | |
| 2834583030 | yellow journalism | A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. | 6 | |
| 2834587350 | National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. During World War I, they supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920). | 7 | |
| 2834595144 | Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. | 8 | |
| 2834600936 | World's Columbian Exposition | Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science. | 9 | |
| 2834604911 | Jane Addams | Founder of Settlement House Movement; first American woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. | 10 | |
| 2834607480 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in "On The Origin of the Species" in 1859. | 11 | |
| 2834609877 | Booker T. Washington | An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute. | 12 | |
| 2838392617 | W.E.B. Du Bois | A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations. | 13 | |
| 2838394748 | Joseph Pulitzer | He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party. | 14 | |
| 2838396144 | William Randolph Hearst | United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. | 15 | |
| 2838398289 | John Dewey | He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard." | 16 | |
| 2838404199 | Horatio Alger | 19th century American author who wrote novels about poor children who achieved success through hard work and honesty. | 17 | |
| 2838406724 | Mark Twain | Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and stories about the American West. | 18 | |
| 2838408730 | Carrie Chapman Catt | A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. | 19 |
