Western Europe transformed culturally, politically, and commercially from the 15th to 18th century. Big changes from the Middle Ages/medieval times shaped this transformation.
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| 592257050 | What influenced the development of the Italian Renaissance? | urban, commercial economy competitive city-states | 0 | |
| 592257053 | What were some characteristics that defined the Italian Renaissance? | Italian and Latin secular objects humanism | 1 | |
| 592257055 | Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? | emphasized realistic discussion on how to maintain power during the Italian Renaissance | 2 | |
| 592257057 | What effects did the Italian Renaissance have on politics and commerce? | banking, new political forms, improved military, diplomacy, innovations | 3 | |
| 592257058 | What was a cause in the decline of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century? | French and Spanish monarchs invade peninsula Atlantic trade routes > Mediterranean | 4 | |
| 592257060 | What was the difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissance? | Northern emphasized religion more | 5 | |
| 592257062 | How did the Northern Renaissance produce political change? | greater state powers Francis I: French Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic Church | 6 | |
| 592257064 | How did the Renaissance affect ordinary people? | little effect, women = domestic | 7 | |
| 592257066 | What were some technogical advances? | iron products, printing (Johannes Gutenberg) | 8 | |
| 592257069 | What was the family structure of a European family? | late marriage, importance of affection within family | 9 | |
| 592257071 | Who was Martin Luther? | German monk that started the Protestant Reformation; accepted state control of church; against monasticism and papal salvation | 10 | |
| 592257073 | What was the Protestant Reformation? | general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; included many varieties of religious beliefs | 11 | |
| 592257076 | How did Protestantism affect politics? | German princes increased independence and seize church lands; public appeal of state-run church | 12 | |
| 592257078 | What was the Anglican church? | form of Protestantism set up in England by Henry VIII; against papal marriage set-ups | 13 | |
| 592257080 | Who was Jean Calvin? | French Protestant who stressed predestination; encouraged public gov't access, education; Calvinism | 14 | |
| 592257082 | What was the Catholic Reformation? | restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs; established councils and the Jesuits (missionaries) | 15 | |
| 592257084 | What happened between the Calvinists and Catholics in France? | religious wars ended with edict of Nantes; granted Protestant tolerance in France | 16 | |
| 592257085 | What happened between the Protestants and Catholics in Germany? | Thirty Years War: war within Holy Roman Empire and Spain; ended with Treaty of Westphalia: granted individual rulers to choose religion | 17 | |
| 592257087 | What spurred the commercialization of western Europe during the 16th century? | massive import of gold and silver from colonies; inflation | 18 | |
| 592257089 | In what ways did manufacturing develop as a result of colonial markets? | agricultural specialty areas shoemaking, pottery, metal, mining | 19 | |
| 592257091 | How were ordinary western Europeans affected by this commercial revolution? | increased prosperity, more properties | 20 | |
| 592257093 | Who were the proletariat? | class of working people without access to producing property; poor; became laborers, etc | 21 | |
| 592257095 | Why did witchcraft persecution become so intense during the 17th century? | reflected resentment against the poor | 22 | |
| 592257096 | What was the Scientific Revolution? | 17th century period of theoretical generalizations; change in traditional medieval beliefs | 23 | |
| 592257098 | How did Copernicus contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Johannes Kepler? | disproved beliefs that earth was the center of the universe; prominent scientific figure | 24 | |
| 592257100 | How did Galileo contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | published Copernicus' findings; gravity and planetary motion | 25 | |
| 592257102 | How did William Harvey contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | physician; movement of blood in animals/heart | 26 | |
| 592257103 | How did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | work on scientific method | 27 | |
| 592257105 | How did Rene Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; human reason can develop laws | 28 | |
| 592257107 | How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | compiled astronomical and physical observations into a framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and gravity | 29 | |
| 592257109 | What was the concept of God in Deism? | role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion--not to regulate them | 30 | |
| 592257110 | How did John Locke contribute to the Scientific Revolution? | people can learn everything through senses and reason; power from the people | 31 | |
| 592257112 | What defined France as the most powerful and largest western European nation? | absolute monarchy (Louis XIV) no parliament, professional armies and bureaucracy, state churches, imposed economic policy, expansion | 32 | |
| 592257114 | What was mercantilism? | promotion of internal economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports; set tariffs | 33 | |
| 592257116 | What defined England and the Netherlands as parliamentary monarchies? | Glorious Revolution: resulted in parliamentary checks on the king; limits to state authority | 34 | |
| 592257118 | What was a nation-state? | ruled peoples who had a common culture and language; promoted mercantilism, political values | 35 | |
| 592257119 | What were the political patterns like in western Europe in the 18th century? | least change in politics absolute monarchy less effective competing political groups | 36 | |
| 592257121 | Who was Frederick the Great? | Prussian king; attempted to introduce Enlightenment, military, bureaucracy, freedom of religion, state control of economy | 37 | |
| 592257123 | What was Enlightenment? | French intellectual movement; scientific advance, rational laws describe social behavior; religious tolerance; against Catholic church | 38 | |
| 592257125 | What Enlightenment ideas did Adam Smith believe in? | government should avoid regulation of economy | 39 | |
| 592257127 | How did Denis Diderot contribute to the Enlightenment? | created the first encyclopedia | 40 | |
| 592257129 | What did Mary Wollstonecract believe in? | political rights should extend to women; feminist movement | 41 | |
| 592257131 | How did the Enlightenment affect family life? | greater interaction and less discipline with children love and emotional bonds more important | 42 | |
| 592257133 | What is mass consumerism? | interest in acquiring material goods and services; growing economic capacity to afford these | 43 | |
| 592257135 | How did agriculture change in the 18th century? | new agricultural techniques potato = new staple crop | 44 | |
| 592257137 | What encouraged manufacturing in the 18th century? | colonial trade, agricultural advancements | 45 | |
| 592257139 | What allowed for greater population sizes in the 18th century? | agricultural advancements, commercialism (capitalism), manufacturing | 46 |
