Terms : Hide Images
| 1680472550 | Theory | an organized body of concepts, generalizations, and principles that can be investigated | 0 | |
| 1680472551 | Replication | repetition of a study using different subjects to retest its hypothesis | 1 | |
| 1680472552 | Significant Study | one that contributes in some way to the improvement or understanding of educational theory or practice | 2 | |
| 1680472553 | topic statement | generally describes the variables of interest, the specific relations among those variables, and ideally, important characteristics of the participants. | 3 | |
| 1680472554 | Hypothesis | a researcher's prediction of the research findings, a statement of the researcher;s expectations about the relations among the variables in the research topic | 4 | |
| 1680472555 | operational definitions | clarify important terms in a study so that all readers understand the precise meaning the researcher intends. | 5 | |
| 1680472556 | inductive hypothesis | generalization based on specific observations | 6 | |
| 1680472557 | deductive hypothesis | derived from theory and provides evidence that supports, expands or contradicts the theory | 7 | |
| 1680472558 | non-directional hypothesis | states simply that a relation or difference between variables exists | 8 | |
| 1680472559 | directional hypothesis | states the expected direction of the relation or difference | 9 | |
| 1680472560 | null hypothesis | states that there is no significant relation or difference between variables | 10 | |
| 1680472561 | guiding hypothesis | qualitative researchers that generate new hypotheses as a result of their studies rather than solidifying the intention of the research beforehand | 11 | |
| 1680472562 | research plan | detailed description of a study proposed to investigate a given problem | 12 | |
| 1680472563 | population | the larger group from which the sample will be selected | 13 | |
| 1680472564 | instrument | a test or tool used for data collection and the instruments section of a research plan | 14 | |
| 1680472565 | design | general strategy or plan for conducing a research study | 15 | |
| 1680472566 | assumption | an assertion presumed to be true but not actually verified | 16 | |
| 1680472567 | limitation | some aspect of the study that the researcher cannot control but believes may negatively affect the results of the study | 17 | |
| 1680472568 | pilot study | small-scale trial of a study conducted before the full-scale study | 18 | |
| 1680472569 | sample | a group of individuals, items or events that represent the characteristics of the larger group from which the sample is drawn. | 19 | |
| 1680472570 | sampling | the process of selecting a sample | 20 | |
| 1680472571 | generalizable | the results of the research will be applicable to other samples selected from the same population | 21 | |
| 1680472572 | representative sample | A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole | 22 | |
| 1680472573 | target population | the population to which the researcher would ideally like to generalize study results | 23 | |
| 1680472574 | accessible population | the population from which the researcher can realistically select subjects | 24 | |
| 1680472575 | probability sampling | the techniques used that permit the researcher to specify the probability or chance that each member of a defined population will be selected for the sample | 25 | |
| 1680472576 | simple random sampling | the process of selecting a sample in such a way that all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of selection for the sample | 26 | |
| 1680472577 | stratified sampling | a way to guarantee desired representation of relevant subgroups within the sample | 27 | |
| 1680472578 | strata | the name of the population that is subdivided into subgroups | 28 | |
| 1680472579 | proportional stratified sampling | process of selecting a sample in such a way that identified subgroups in the population are represented in the same proportion in which they exists in the population. | 29 | |
| 1680472580 | cluster sampling | intact groups, not individuals, are randomly selected | 30 | |
| 1680472581 | cluster | any location within which we find an intact group of a population members with similar characteristics | 31 | |
| 1680472582 | multistage sampling | sampling that can be carried out in stages (i.e. the steps to select clusters from other clusters) | 32 | |
| 1680472583 | systematic sampling | sampling in which every kth individual is selected from a list | 33 | |
| 1680472584 | sampling error | the chance variation when a sample differs significantly from the population on some important variable | 34 | |
| 1680472585 | sampling bias | systematic sampling error that is generally the fault of the researchers. occurs when some aspect of the sampling creates a bias in the data | 35 | |
| 1680472586 | nonprobability sampling | process of selecting a sample using a technique that does not permit the researcher to specify the probabilist or chance that each member of a population has of being selected for the sample | 36 | |
| 1680472587 | convenience sampling | process of including whoever happens to be available at the time. | 37 | |
| 1680472588 | purposive sampling | process of selecting a sample that is believed to be representative of a given population | 38 | |
| 1680472589 | quota sampling | the process of selecting a sample based on required exact numbers of individuals or groups with varying characteristics | 39 | |
| 1680472590 | quotas | exact numbers | 40 | |
| 1680472591 | qualitative sampling | process of selecting a small number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals chosen will be good key informants who will contribute to the researcher's understanding of a given phenomenon | 41 | |
| 1680472592 | data saturation | when the researcher begins to hear the same thoughts, perspectives, and responses from most or all participants, additional participants are not needed at least for that particular topic or issue | 42 | |
| 1680472593 | intensity sampling | select participants who permit study of different levels of the research topic | 43 | |
| 1680472594 | homogenous sampling | select participants who are very similar in experience, perspective, or outlook, this produces a narrow homogenous sample and makes date collection and analysis simple | 44 | |
| 1680472595 | criterion sampling | selecting all cases that meet some set of criteria or ahave some characteristic | 45 | |
| 1680472596 | snowball sampling | select a few people who fit a researcher's needs then using those participants to identify additional participants and so on until the researcher has a sufficient number of participants | 46 | |
| 1680472597 | random purposive sampling | selecting more particpants than needed for the study | 47 | |
| 1680472598 | vignette | brief evocative description account or episode | 48 | |
| 1680472599 | data | pieces of information you collect and use to examine your topic hypothesis or observation | 49 | |
| 1680472600 | construct | an abstraction that cannot be observed directly, invented to explain behavior | 50 | |
| 1680472601 | variable | a placeholder that can assume any one of a range of values, at least two values or scores. | 51 | |
| 1680472602 | measurement scale | a system for organizing data so that it may be inspected, analyzed and interpreted | 52 | |
| 1680472603 | nominal variable | values that includes two or more named categories, often represented by numbers | 53 | |
| 1680472604 | ordinal variables | not only classifies person or objects but ranks them from highest to lowest or from most to least, unequal units | 54 | |
| 1680472605 | interval variable | all the characteristics of a nominal and ordinal variable but value is represented in equal intervals. no true zero point | 55 | |
| 1680472606 | ratio variable | named categories, ranked highest to lowest or from most to least, equal intervals and true zero point | 56 | |
| 1680472607 | quantitative variables | exists on a continuum that ranges from low to high or less to more. ordinal interval and ratio variables are this | 57 | |
| 1680472608 | dependent variable | in an experimental study is the variable hypothesized to depend on or to be caused by another variable | 58 | |
| 1680472609 | independent variable | always the hypothesized cause of the dependent variable | 59 | |
| 1680472610 | test | formal systematic procedure for gathering information about peoples cognitive and affective characteristics | 60 | |
| 1680472611 | cognitive characteristic | a mental characteristic related to intellect | 61 | |
| 1680472612 | affective characteristic | mental characteristic related to emotion | 62 | |
| 1680472613 | standardized test | one that is administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way no matter where or when it is used | 63 | |
| 1680472614 | assessment | broad term that encompasses the entire process of collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information | 64 | |
| 1680472615 | measurement | the process of quantifying or scoring performance on an assessment instrument, occurs after data are collected | 65 | |
| 1680472616 | selection methods | test taker has to select from among a set of given answers | 66 | |
| 1680472617 | supply methods | test take has to give an answer | 67 | |
| 1680472618 | performance assesment | type of assessment that emphasizes a student process or product | 68 | |
| 1680472619 | raw score | the number or point value of items a person answered correctly on an assessment | 69 | |
| 1680472620 | norm-referenced scoring | a student's performance on an assessment is compared to the performance of others | 70 | |
| 1680472621 | grading on the curve | bell shaped distribution of the percentages of students who received each grade | 71 | |
| 1680472622 | criterion-referenced scoring | an individuals performance on an assessment is compared to a predetermined external standard rather than to the performance of others | 72 | |
| 1680472623 | self-referenced scoring approaches | measuring how an individual students performance on a single assessment changes over time | 73 | |
| 1680472624 | mental measurement year book | a major source of test information for educational researchers | 74 | |
| 1680472625 | cognitive test | measures intellectual processes | 75 | |
| 1680472626 | achievement test | measures an individual's current proficiency in given areas of knowledge or skill | 76 | |
| 1680472627 | diagnostic test | yields multiple scores to facilitate identification of a student's weak and strong areas within the subject area | 77 | |
| 1680472628 | aptitude test | a test used to predict how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation | 78 | |
| 1680472629 | affective test | assessment designed to measure affective mental characteristics related to emotion | 79 | |
| 1680472630 | values | deeply held beliefs about ideas persons or objects | 80 | |
| 1680472631 | attitudes | indicate our favorable or unfavorable feelings, reflect our tendencies to accept or reject groups ideas or objects | 81 | |
| 1680472632 | interests | indicated the degree to which we seek out or desire to participate in particular activities, objects and ideas | 82 | |
| 1680472633 | personality | made up of a number of characteristics that represent a person's typical behaviors | 83 | |
| 1680472634 | attitude scale | an instrument that measures what an individual believes, perceives, or feels about self other activities, institutions, or situations | 84 | |
| 1680472635 | likert scale | requires an individual to respond to a series of statements by indicating whether he or she strongly agrees | 85 | |
| 1680472636 | semantic differential scale | requires an individual to indicate his or her attitude about a topic by selecting a position on a continuum that ranges from one bipolar adjective to another. | 86 | |
| 1680472637 | rating scale | used to measure a respondent's attitudes toward self, others, activities, institutions, or self | 87 | |
| 1680472638 | thurstone scale | requires participants to select from a list of statements that represent different points of view on a topic | 88 | |
| 1680472639 | guttman scale | requires respondents to agree or disagree with a number of statements | 89 | |
| 1680472640 | unidimensional scale | produces a cumulative scale in which an individual who agrees with a given statement also agrees with all related preceding statements | 90 | |
| 1680472641 | interest inventory | requires participants to indicate personal likes and dislikes | 91 | |
| 1680472642 | personality inventory | includes questions or statements that describe behaviors characteristics of certain personality traits | 92 | |
| 1680472643 | response set | tendency of an individual to respond in a particular way to a variety of interments | 93 | |
| 1680472644 | bias | distortion of research data that renders the data suspect or invalid | 94 | |
| 1680472645 | validity | the degree to which a test measures what is supposed to measure and consequently permits appropriate interpretations of scores | 95 | |
| 1680472646 | content validity | degree to which a test measures an intended content area | 96 | |
| 1680472647 | item validity | concerned with whether the test items are relevant to the measurement of the indented content area | 97 | |
| 1680472648 | sampling validity | concerned with ho well the test samples the total content area being tested | 98 | |
| 1680472649 | face validity | refers to the degree to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure | 99 | |
| 1680472650 | criterion-related validity | determined by relating performance on a test to performance on a second test or other measure | 100 | |
| 1680472651 | concurrent validity | degree to which scores on one test are related to the scores on a similar preexisting test administered in the same time frame or to some other valid measure available at the same time | 101 | |
| 1680472652 | predictive validity | degree to which a test can predict how well an individual will do in future situation | 102 | |
| 1680472653 | predictior | the variable upon which the prediction is based | 103 | |
| 1680472654 | criterion | predicted variable which must be a valid measure of the performance to be predicted | 104 | |
| 1680472655 | construct validity | reflects the degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical construct | 105 | |
| 1680472656 | consequential validity | the extent to which an instrument creates harmful effects for the user | 106 | |
| 1680472657 | standards for education and pyschological testing manual | a comprehensive list of 24 validity standards that if met allow educational researchers to make robust claims about the context specific interpretations they make | 107 | |
| 1680472658 | stability | degree to which scores on the same test are consistent over time, also known as test-retest reliability | 108 | |
| 1680472659 | equivalence | equivalent-forms reliability is the degree to which two similar forms of a test produce similar scores from a single group of test takers | 109 | |
| 1680472660 | internal consistency reliability | the extent to which items in a single test are consistent among themselves and with a test as a whole | 110 | |
| 1680472661 | split-half reliability | a measure of internal consistency that involves dividing a test into two halves and correlating the scores on the two halves | 111 | |
| 1680472662 | Kuder-Richardson 20 (Kr 20) | special case formula, estimate internal consistency reliability by determining how all items on a test relate to all other test items and to the total test | 112 | |
| 1680472663 | Cronbach's alpha | general formula if items can have more than two scores, estimate internal consistency reliability by determining how all items on a test relate to all other test items and to the total test | 113 | |
| 1680472664 | Kuder-Richardson 21 (KR-21) | alternative method to Kuder and Richardson | 114 | |
| 1680472665 | standard error of measurement | estimate of how often one can expect errors of a given size in an individual's test score | 115 | |
| 1680472666 | Tests in Print | comprehensive bibliography of all known commercially available tests that are currently in print. | 116 |
