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| 3128979572 | How many chromosomes do humans have? | -46 total -23 pairs -get 23 from mom and 23 from dad | 0 | |
| 3128981795 | What determines your traits? | DNA in the nucleus of cells | 1 | |
| 3128982747 | What determines protein sequence? | DNA sequence | 2 | |
| 3128984119 | How man genes in the human genome? | About 20,000 | 3 | |
| 3128984651 | DNA holds info for _______ | proteins produced | 4 | |
| 3128985419 | What does the central dogma state? | DNA is transcribed to make RNA which is translated to make protein | 5 | |
| 3131521335 | How are genes expressed? | Genes are transcribed into RNA sequence, RNA is translated into protein | 6 | |
| 3131535475 | What did Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner do? | -They determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order | 7 | |
| 3131541125 | ___________ bases code for _________ amino acid | Three bases code for one amino acid | 8 | |
| 3131545919 | Codon | 3 nucleotides that codon for an amino acid | 9 | |
| 3131550476 | Who discovered that a nucleotide sequence is read 3 bases at a time? | Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner | 10 | |
| 3131555594 | Who identified the codons that specify each amino acid? | Marshall Nirenberg | 11 | |
| 3131560814 | Genetic code is ____________ | degenerate | 12 | |
| 3131561504 | Degenerate | some amino acids are specified by more than one codon | 13 | |
| 3131563450 | Genetic code is practically ______________ | universal | 14 | |
| 3131568586 | What is the strongest evidence that all living things share common ancestry? | The universality of the genetic code | 15 | |
| 3131573402 | What is a chromosome? | tightly wound structure of DNA and protein | 16 | |
| 3131575119 | What percentage of the human genome codes for proteins? | 5% | 17 | |
| 3131576876 | What is a chromatin? | DNA wrapped around protein | 18 | |
| 3131577637 | Tightly wound _________ makes a __________ | chromatin; chromosome | 19 | |
| 3131579950 | What is a gene? | sections of DNA that hold information for building a protein (amino acid sequence) | 20 | |
| 3131583953 | What is a promoter? | sign post that says "START HERE! | 21 | |
| 3131588070 | What must be removed from a gene before protein synthesis? | introns | 22 | |
| 3131588985 | What must be spliced together before protein synthesis? | exons | 23 | |
| 3131591879 | Central dogma | DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein | 24 | |
| 3131594016 | What is RNA polymerase? | enzyme that transcribes gene | 25 | |
| 3131596254 | What three things are required for prokaryotic transcription? | -promoter -start site -termination site | 26 | |
| 3131597556 | What is a transcription unit? | -promoter -start site -termination site | 27 | |
| 3131598808 | What is a termination site? | a signal to end transcription | 28 | |
| 3131603926 | What is the site where unzipping/unwinding of DNA begins? | TATA box | 29 | |
| 3131606401 | Transcription heads _____ until it hits the __________ | downstream; termination site | 30 | |
| 3131607460 | upstream | -1, -2, -3, etc... | 31 | |
| 3131608449 | downstream | +1, +2 +3, etc... | 32 | |
| 3131614313 | What does the promoter do? | Forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase | 33 | |
| 3131615001 | Where is the promoter found? | upstream of the start site (to the left, negative numbers) | 34 | |
| 3131616634 | Is the promoter transcribed? | no | 35 | |
| 3131621680 | initiation | 36 | ||
| 3131621681 | elongation | 37 | ||
| 3131624356 | termination | -sequence that signals "stop" to polymerase -RNA polymerase released the DNA -DNA rewinds | 38 | |
| 3133398158 | What comes in physical contact with the promoter during initiation to stabilize the enzyme? | sigma (a polypeptide) | 39 | |
| 3133398547 | What does sigma do during initiation? | Sits down (physical contact with) -10 and -35, and physically unwinds the double helix then falls off | 40 | |
| 3133402216 | What happens once sigma leaves? | the rest of the enzyme (core enzyme) catalyzes transcription | 41 | |
| 3133405478 | What is the production of the RNA molecule called? | transcription | 42 | |
| 3133420172 | What happens during elongation? | DNA unwinds downstream and rewinds upstream | 43 | |
| 3133423388 | What is the region containing the RNA polymerase , DNA template, and growing DNA strand | transcription bubble | 44 | |
| 3133427078 | In what phase is the RNA molecule made based on the DNA template? | Elongation | 45 | |
| 3133428427 | The transcription bubble moves ______ the enzyme | with | 46 | |
| 3133429349 | The transcription bubble will move down the entire gene until it hits the ______________ | termination sequence | 47 | |
| 3133431722 | What is the first nucleotide added called? | +1 | 48 | |
| 3133432704 | What happens during termination | -a sequence signals stop to polymerase -RNA polymerase releases the DNA -DNA rewinds | 49 | |
| 3133444683 | What causes RNA polymerase to pause | mRNA hairpin | 50 | |
| 3133450113 | mRNA hairpin | -very stable structure because of lots of hydrogen bonds -causes structure to stall at weak base pair which wobbles and falls apart | 51 | |
| 3133453052 | What is another name for gene expression? | Protein production | 52 | |
| 3133457794 | How many RNA polymerases are in eukaryotic transcription? | Three: -RNA polymerase I -RNA polymerase II -RNA polymerase III | 53 | |
| 3133460057 | Each RNA polymerase recognizes its own ____________ | promoter | 54 | |
| 3133461612 | Why does each RNA polymerase recognize its own promoter? | it needs to know where to land | 55 | |
| 3133487726 | What must happen to the primary transcript before it can become mature mRNA? | it must be modified | 56 | |
| 3133491153 | Which modifications must take place? | -addition of a 5' cap -addition of a 3' poly-A tail -removal of non-coding sequences | 57 | |
| 3133492154 | What are non-coding sequences? | introns | 58 | |
| 3133493239 | UTR | -untranslated region -regulatory sequences | 59 | |
| 3133495687 | What is the purpose of the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail? | protection | 60 | |
| 3133496505 | When are the 5' cap and 3'poly-A tail added? | After the transcript is made, before it leaves the nucleus | 61 | |
| 3133501331 | Before translation ________ must be removed and ________ must be spliced together | introns; exons | 62 | |
| 3133504570 | What must happen before translation (into a protein) | -5' cap added -3' poly-A tail added -introns removed | 63 | |
| 3133505729 | Spiceosome | -removes introns -splices exons together | 64 | |
| 3133506970 | What is the spliceosome made of? | RNA and proteins | 65 | |
| 3133512711 | What is alternative splicing? | When a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons | 66 | |
| 3133514948 | What gives the organism opportunity to make different proteins from a single gene? | Alternative splicing | 67 | |
| 3133517397 | Each gene can code for _______ protein(s) | many different | 68 | |
| 3133519571 | _______ molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide | tRNA (transfer RNA) | 69 | |
| 3133522445 | What is the "interpreter" that interprets a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence (from nucleotides to proteins)? | tRNA | 70 | |
| 3133523498 | The anti-codon is ________ with the codon | complementary | 71 | |
| 3133524855 | Acceptor end | accepts amino acids | 72 | |
| 3133526987 | Anticodon | binds to the codons within RNA and brings with it a particular amino acid | 73 | |
| 3133529760 | What is the enzyme that adds the amino acid? | tRNA | 74 | |
| 3133530955 | For every codon there is _____________ | an anti codon | 75 | |
| 3133534190 | If there are 64 codons there must be _____ tRNA molecules with specific amino acids | 64 | 76 | |
| 3133540328 | Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes ______amino acid(s) and _______ tRNAs | only one amino acid but several tRNAs | 77 | |
| 3133541625 | What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase do? | It is an enzyme that grabs tRNA and adds appropriate amino acids | 78 | |
| 3133613140 | tRNA charging reaction |  | 79 | |
| 3133615628 | In the tRNA charging reaction, the _______ specifies which ________ will be placed | anticodon; amino acid | 80 | |
| 3133617728 | In the tRNA charging reaction, what specifies which amino acid will be placed? | anticodon | 81 | |
| 3133625274 | What are the two important sites on the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? | -amino acid site (at the top) -tRNA site (on the side) | 82 | |
| 3133632155 | The ribosome has ________ tRNA binding site(s) | multiple | 83 | |
| 3133633467 | What are the binding sites on the ribosome for tRNA? | -P site -A site -E site | 84 | |
| 3133634660 | P site | binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain | 85 | |
| 3133636379 | A site | binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid | 86 | |
| 3133638204 | E site | -binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid -EXIT site for tRNA that has given up its amino acid | 87 | |
| 3133641458 | What is a ribosome made of? | rRNA and protein | 88 | |
| 3133642193 | What is the workbench for translation? | the ribosome | 89 | |
| 3133644301 | Where is mRNA translated into protein? | the ribosome | 90 | |
| 3133646060 | What is the bond between amino acids? | peptide bond | 91 | |
| 3133647916 | What is the structure of a ribosome? | -large subunit -small subunit -mRNA strand in between | 92 | |
| 3133671715 | What happens during initiation of translation? | -mRNA comes in contact with small subunit -first tRNA carrying amino acid | 93 | |
| 3133679808 | What happens during termination of translation? | a release factor releases the polypeptide chain, jams everything up, making everything fall apart | 94 | |
| 3133685394 | What does the stop codon code for? | nothing | 95 | |
| 3133691736 | What is protein targeting? | -First 3 amino acids is a signal to drag translating machine to the RER -SRP binds to peptide, it is dragged and docked at RER -finished polypeptide is inside RER, and goes via vesicle to the golgi apparatus | 96 | |
| 3133707283 | What happens to the polypeptide when it is finished? | It is inside the RER, and goes via vesicle to the golgi apparatus | 97 | |
| 3133708201 | Where does protein targeting happen? | in the cytoplasm | 98 | |
| 3133709098 | What is an SRP | signal recognition particle, bind to signal polypeptide | 99 | |
| 3133713573 | What do genes determine? | What proteins are produced | 100 | |
| 3133716582 | What is a point mutation? | When one nucleotide is changed (change of one base to another) | 101 | |
| 3133717888 | What are the types of point mutations? | -silent -missense -nonsense | 102 | |
| 3133719620 | Silent mutation | -doesn't matter, still has the codon for the same protein | 103 | |
| 3133722934 | Missense mutation | -when a base is changed so that codon codes for a different amino acid -protein has been changed -may or may not matter | 104 | |
| 3133736452 | Nonsense mutation | -no sense can be made of the codon because it is now a stop codon -protein cannot be produced -typically very detrimental | 105 | |
| 3133743000 | Example of missense mutation | sickle cell anemia | 106 | |
| 3133750699 | Frameshift mutation | -addition or deletion of a single base (nucleotide) -more profound consequences -alters reading frame downstream | 107 | |
| 3133755195 | If a frameshift mutation deletes or adds 3 nucleotides, will there be a shift in the reading frame? | no | 108 | |
| 3133758257 | What are the two big structural changes in chromosomes? | deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation | 109 | |
| 3133759356 | Deletion (in chromosomes) | loss of a portion of a chromosome | 110 | |
| 3133759977 | Duplication (in chromosomes) | a region of a chromosome is duplicated | 111 | |
| 3133767794 | Too much of a protein (duplication) can cause ___________ | cancer | 112 | |
| 3133800741 | Inversion | genes change position | 113 | |
| 3134581961 | When in inversion detrimental? | When it happens within a gene | 114 | |
| 3134603232 | Reciprocal translocation | -pieces of a chromosome break off and attach to another chromosome -all the same genes are present, just located on a different chromosome | 115 | |
| 3134619222 | What is the starting point for evolution? | mutations | 116 | |
| 3134624890 | There must be a _________ between the amount of new variation and health of the species. | balance | 117 |
