Terms needed for success on the AP Language and Composition Exam
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| 4739409509 | Personification | The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon." | 0 | |
| 4739409510 | Antithesis | the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ." | 1 | |
| 4739409511 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 2 | |
| 4739409512 | Sarcasm | from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device. | 3 | |
| 4739409513 | Synecdoche | . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example. | 4 | |
| 4739409514 | Hyperbole | a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 5 | |
| 4739409515 | Anaphora | repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. | 6 | |
| 4739409516 | Euphony | the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work. | 7 | |
| 4739409517 | Metonomy | a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared" | 8 | |
| 4739409518 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 9 | |
| 4739409519 | Onomatopoeia | a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum. | 10 | |
| 4739409520 | Cacophony | harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word. | 11 | |
| 4739409521 | Metaphor | a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example. | 12 | |
| 4739409522 | Symbol | generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract. | 13 | |
| 4739409523 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 14 | |
| 4739409524 | Understatement | the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended. | 15 | |
| 4739409525 | Homily | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 16 | |
| 4739409526 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 17 | |
| 4739409527 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks. | 18 | |
| 4739409528 | Euphemism | a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation. | 19 | |
| 4739409529 | Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 20 | |
| 4739409530 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. | 21 | |
| 4739409531 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. | 22 | |
| 4739409532 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." | 23 | |
| 4739409533 | Epigraph | The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein. | 24 | |
| 4739409534 | Periodic Sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety. | 25 | |
| 4739409535 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 26 | |
| 4739409536 | Ethos | an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author. | 27 | |
| 4739409537 | Situational Irony | a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected. | 28 | |
| 4739409538 | Consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. | 29 | |
| 4739409539 | Pathos | an appeal based on emotion. | 30 | |
| 4739409540 | Logos | an appeal based on logic or reason | 31 | |
| 4739409541 | Verbal Irony | In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning | 32 | |
| 4739409542 | Anecdote | A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point. | 33 | |
| 4739409543 | Abstract Language | Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. | 34 | |
| 4739409544 | Denotation | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word | 35 | |
| 4739409545 | Cumulative | Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars | 36 | |
| 4739409546 | Dramatic Irony | In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work | 37 | |
| 4739409547 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 38 | |
| 4739409548 | Connotation | the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning. | 39 | |
| 4739409549 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 40 | |
| 4739409550 | Syntax | The grammatical structure of prose and poetry. | 41 | |
| 4739409551 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 42 | |
| 4739409552 | Argument | A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer | 43 | |
| 4739409553 | Allusion | A reference contained in a work | 44 | |
| 4739409554 | Parallelism | refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. | 45 | |
| 4739409555 | Analogy | a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items. | 46 | |
| 4739409556 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 47 | |
| 4739409557 | Description | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses. | 48 | |
| 4739409558 | Ethical Appeal | When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. | 49 | |
| 4739409559 | Exposition | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. | 50 | |
| 4739409560 | Ellipsis | Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text. | 51 | |
| 4739409561 | Argumentation | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. | 52 | |
| 4739409562 | Didactic | writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. | 53 | |
| 4739409563 | Narration | The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events. | 54 | |
| 4739409564 | Colloquial | the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style. | 55 | |
| 4739409565 | Antecedent | the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers. | 56 | |
| 4739409566 | Style | an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. | 57 | |
| 4739409567 | Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. | 58 | |
| 4739409568 | Chiasmus | Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea. | 59 | |
| 4739409569 | Balance | a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work. | 60 | |
| 4739409570 | Tone | Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. | 61 | |
| 4739409571 | Dialect | the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God. | 62 | |
| 4739409572 | Asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. | 63 | |
| 4739409573 | Wit | In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. | 64 | |
| 4739409574 | Mood | This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. | 65 | |
| 4739409575 | Diction | the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning | 66 | |
| 4739409576 | Polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy" | 67 | |
| 4739409577 | Tone | A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels. | 68 | |
| 4739409578 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 69 |
