Treatment of Psychological Disorders
on pages 594 to 631
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| 5612298337 | Clinical psychologists | Psychologists that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems. | 0 | |
| 5612298338 | Counseling psychologists | Psychologists that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems. | 1 | |
| 5612298339 | Psychiatrists | Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | 2 | |
| 5612298340 | Insight therapies | Verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior. | 3 | |
| 5612298341 | Psychoanalysis | An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference. | 4 | |
| 5612298342 | Free association | In which clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible. | 5 | |
| 5612298343 | Dream analysis | The therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams. | 6 | |
| 5612298344 | Interpretation | The therapist's attempts to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors. | 7 | |
| 5612298345 | Resistance | Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers to hinder the progress of therapy. | 8 | |
| 5612298346 | Transference | When clients unconsciously start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives. | 9 | |
| 5612298347 | Client-centered therapy | An insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy. | 10 | |
| 5612298348 | Group therapy | The simultaneous psychological treatment of several clients in a group. | 11 | |
| 5612298349 | Spontaneous remission | A recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment. | 12 | |
| 5612298350 | Behavioral therapies | The application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients' maladaptive behaviors. | 13 | |
| 5612298351 | Systematic desensitization | A behavioral therapy used to reduce phobic clients' anxiety responses through counter conditioning. | 14 | |
| 5612298352 | Aversion thereapy | A behavioral therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response. | 15 | |
| 5612298353 | Social skills training | A behavioral therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping. | 16 | |
| 5612298354 | Cognitive-behavioral treatments | Treatments that use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking. | 17 | |
| 5612298355 | Cognitive therapy | Therapy that uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underly various types of disorders. | 18 | |
| 5612298356 | Biomedical therapies | Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders. | 19 | |
| 5612298357 | Psychopharmacotherapy | The treatment of mental disorders with medication. | 20 | |
| 5612298358 | Anti-anxiety drugs | Drugs that relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness. | 21 | |
| 5612298359 | Antipsychotic drugs | Drugs that are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. | 22 | |
| 5612298360 | Tardive diskinesia | A neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet. | 23 | |
| 5612298361 | Antidepressant drugs | Drugs that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression. | 24 | |
| 5612298362 | Mood stabilizers | Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders. | 25 | |
| 5612298363 | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | A biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions. | 26 | |
| 5612298364 | Eclecticism | The practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system. | 27 | |
| 5612298365 | Mental hospital | A medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders. | 28 | |
| 5612298366 | Deinstitutionalization | Transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care. | 29 | |
| 5612298367 | Placebo effects | When people's expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive a fake treatment. | 30 | |
| 5612298368 | Regression toward the mean | When people who score extremely high or low in some trait are measured a second time and their new scores fall closer to the mean (average). | 31 | |
| 5612298369 | Medical model | A model that proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease. | 32 | |
| 5612298370 | Diagnosis | Distinguishing one illness from another. | 33 | |
| 5612298371 | Etiology | The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness. | 34 | |
| 5612298372 | Prognosis | A forecast about the probable cause of an illness. | 35 | |
| 5612298373 | Epidemiology | The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population. | 36 | |
| 5612298374 | Prevalence | The percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period. | 37 | |
| 5612298375 | Anxiety disorders | A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. | 38 | |
| 5612298376 | Generalized anxiety disorder | A chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat. | 39 | |
| 5612298377 | Phobic disorder | A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. | 40 | |
| 5612298378 | Panic disorder | Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly. | 41 | |
| 5612298379 | Agorophobia | A fear of going out to public places. | 42 | |
| 5612298380 | Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and the urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions). | 43 | |
| 5612298381 | Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event. | 44 | |
| 5612298382 | Concordance rate | The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder. | 45 | |
| 5612298383 | Somatoform disorders | Physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors. | 46 | |
| 5612298384 | Somatization disorder | A disorder that is marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin. | 47 | |
| 5612298385 | Conversion disorder | A disorder that is characterized by significant loss of physical function (with no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system. | 48 | |
| 5612298386 | Hypochondriasis (hypochondria) | Excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about the developing physical illness. | 49 | |
| 5612298387 | Dissociative disorders | A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity. | 50 | |
| 5612298388 | Dissociative amnesia | A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. | 51 | |
| 5612298389 | Dissociative fugue | People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity. | 52 | |
| 5612298390 | Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | Involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities. | 53 | |
| 5612298391 | Multiple-personality disorder | Involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities. | 54 | |
| 5612298392 | Mood disorders | A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes. | 55 | |
| 5612298393 | Major depressive disorder | People show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. | 56 | |
| 5612298394 | Dysthymic disorder | Chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of a major depressive episode. | 57 | |
| 5612298395 | Bipolar disorder | The experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression. | 58 | |
| 5612298396 | Manic-depressive disorder | The experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression. | 59 | |
| 5612298397 | Cyclothymic disorder | Chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance. | 60 | |
| 5612298398 | Schizophrenic disorders | A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. | 61 | |
| 5612298399 | Delusions | False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality. | 62 | |
| 5612298400 | Hallucinations | Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input. | 63 | |
| 5612298401 | Paranoid schizophrenia | Schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecutions, along with delusions of grandeur. | 64 | |
| 5612298402 | Catatonic schizophrenia | Schizophrenia that is marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity. | 65 | |
| 5612298403 | Disorganized schizophrenia | Schizophrenia in which a particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior is seen. | 66 | |
| 5612298404 | Undifferentiated schizophrenia | Schizophrenia that is marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms. | 67 | |
| 5612298405 | Negative symptoms | Behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech. | 68 | |
| 5612298406 | Positive symptoms | Behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas. | 69 | |
| 5612298407 | Personality disorders | A class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning. | 70 | |
| 5612298408 | Antisocial personality disorder | Impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms. | 71 | |
| 5612298409 | Insanity | A legal status indicating that a person can not be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness. | 72 | |
| 5612298410 | Involuntary commitment | Where people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will. | 73 | |
| 5612298411 | Culture-bound disorders | Abnormal syndromes only found in a few cultural groups. | 74 | |
| 5612298412 | Eating disorders | Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with one's weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight. | 75 | |
| 5612298413 | Anorexia nervosa | Intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight. | 76 | |
| 5612298414 | Bulimia nervosa | Habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise. | 77 | |
| 5612298415 | Representativeness heuristic | Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event. | 78 | |
| 5612298416 | Comorbidity | The coexistence of two or more disorders. | 79 | |
| 5612298417 | Conjunction fallacy | When people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. | 80 | |
| 5612298418 | Availability heuristic | The estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. | 81 | |
| 5612298419 | Biophychosocial model | Physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. | 82 | |
| 5612298420 | Health psychology | A specialty branch of psychology that is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness. | 83 | |
| 5612298421 | Stress | Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities. | 84 | |
| 5612298422 | Acute stressors | Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint. | 85 | |
| 5612298423 | Chronic stressors | Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit. | 86 | |
| 5612298424 | Frustration | Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted. | 87 | |
| 5612298425 | Conflict | When two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. | 88 | |
| 5612298426 | Approach-approach conflict | A choice must be made between two attractive goals. | 89 | |
| 5612298427 | Avoidance-avoidance conflict | A choice must be made between two unattractive goals. | 90 | |
| 5612298428 | Approach-avoidance conflict | A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects. | 91 | |
| 5612298429 | Life changes | Any significant alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustment. | 92 | |
| 5612298430 | Pressure | Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way. | 93 | |
| 5612298431 | Fight-or-flight response | A physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy. | 94 | |
| 5612298432 | General adaptation syndrome | A model of the body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | 95 | |
| 5612298433 | Coping | Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress. | 96 | |
| 5612298434 | Learned helplessness | Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. | 97 | |
| 5612298435 | Aggression | Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally. | 98 | |
| 5612298436 | Catharsis | The release of emotional tension. | 99 | |
| 5612298437 | Internet addiction | Spending an inordinate amount of time on the Internet and the inability to control online use. | 100 | |
| 5612298438 | Defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt. | 101 | |
| 5612298439 | Constructive coping | Relatively healthful efforts people make to deal with stressful events. | 102 | |
| 5612298440 | Burnout | Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can by brought on gradually through chronic work-related stress. | 103 | |
| 5612298441 | Psychosomatic diseases | Genuine physical ailments that were thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors. | 104 | |
| 5612298442 | Type A personality | A type of personality that includes three elements: (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility. | 105 | |
| 5612298443 | Type B personality | A type of personality that is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior. | 106 | |
| 5612298444 | Immune response | The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. | 107 | |
| 5612298445 | Social support | Various types of aid and succor provided by members of one's social networks. | 108 | |
| 5612298446 | Optimism | A general tendency to expect good outcomes. | 109 | |
| 5612298447 | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | 110 | |
| 5612298448 | Catastrophic thinking | Unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems. | 111 |
