Internal Troubles, External Threats : China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan : 1800-1914
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| 6255650893 | Social Darwinism | An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century. | 0 | |
| 6255650894 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. | 1 | |
| 6255650895 | Matthew Perry | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. | 2 | |
| 6255650896 | Samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the _______ gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration. | 3 | |
| 6255650897 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. | 4 | |
| 6255650898 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth. | 5 | |
| 6255650899 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. | 6 | |
| 6255650900 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially ____; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. | 7 | |
| 6255650901 | Unequal Treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. | 8 | |
| 6255650902 | Self-Strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the west. | 9 | |
| 6255650903 | Boxer Rebellion | Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. | 10 | |
| 6255650904 | China, 1911 | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. | 11 | |
| 6255650905 | "The Sick Man of Europe" | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. | 12 | |
| 6255650906 | Tanzimat | Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization". | 13 | |
| 6255650907 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. | 14 | |
| 6255650908 | Sultan Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign. | 15 | |
| 6255650909 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire. | 16 | |
| 6255650910 | Informal Empires | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China. | 17 | |
| 6255650911 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The Shogunate that provided 2 centuries of internal peace in Japan. During this time, Japan was "pacified...but not really united" because there was little internal conflict, yet it was essentially ruled by over 260 daimyo who were practicing alternate attendance. During this time, the Samurai occupied the highest class on the social hierarchy. They had no wars to fight in, so they became salaried bureaucrats and administrators. | 18 | |
| 6255650912 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji. | 19 | |
| 6255650913 | Russo-Japanese War | 1800-1914 : Ending in a Japanese victory, this war was established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. | 20 |
