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| 5683038100 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. |  | 0 |
| 5683038101 | Ziggurat | massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. |  | 1 |
| 5683040440 | The Vedas | The Hindu sacred writings |  | 2 |
| 5683045599 | The Upanishads | The philosophical texts that form the basis of most hindu doctrines |  | 3 |
| 5683049110 | Brahmans | The highest class in Aryan society |  | 4 |
| 5683050668 | Patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line |  | 5 |
| 5683052376 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source |  | 6 |
| 5683054497 | Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives |  | 7 |
| 5683054498 | Zhou Dynasty | A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty. |  | 8 |
| 5683056910 | Sumerians civilazation | Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia which is generally considered the cradle of civilization. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means "land of the civilized kings". |  | 9 |
| 5683056911 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. |  | 10 |
| 5683060202 | Hittities | An Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia in about 1,750 B.C.E.; destroyed the Babylonian Empire; swept away in about 1,200 B.C.E. |  | 11 |
| 5683062789 | Assyrians | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to central Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire |  | 12 |
| 5683064873 | Nebuchadnezzar | A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon |  | 13 |
| 5683067083 | King Menes | Leader of the first Egyptian ruling dynasty. "King of upper and king of lower Egypt." (United them.) |  | 14 |
| 5683124214 | Queen Hatshepsut | One of the first women to become pharaoh, Increased trade, set up military expeditions, encouraged mining, and fostered agriculture |  | 15 |
| 5683127200 | Khyber Pass | mountain pass between Afghanistan and Pakistan |  | 16 |
| 5683133697 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | Two main cities of early Indian civilization |  | 17 |
| 5683135730 | Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system |  | 18 |
| 5683138527 | Shang China | Earliest known Chinese civilization. Rose in the Yellow River Valley, lasted from 1600 - 1100 BCE. Devised a decimal system, highly accurate calendar, and was powerful, yet isolated, believing themselves to be the center of the world. |  | 19 |
| 5683165700 | Olmec and Chavin | proved early civilizations didn't need to be based in River valleys |  | 20 |
| 5701079627 | Rock and Pillar Edicts | A series of edicts on...rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live righteous lives according to Buddhist principles, A series of edicts on...rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live righteous lives according to Buddhist principles |  | 21 |
| 5701105762 | Satrap | "protector of the kingdom" the governor of a province of the Persian Empire under Darius |  | 22 |
| 5701121053 | Delian League | an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians |  | 23 |
| 5701126228 | Hellenism | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. |  | 24 |
| 5701144907 | First Triumvirate | 60 BCE, unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus |  | 25 |
| 5701148188 | Second Triumvirate | Antony, Octavian, Lepidus |  | 26 |
| 5701152830 | Paganism | Any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman world, an umbrella term for ancient Mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity. |  | 27 |
| 5701156096 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire |  | 28 |
| 5701159937 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. |  | 29 |
| 5701164199 | Theravada and Mahayana | Two types of buddhism |  | 30 |
| 5701168049 | Mauryan Empire | (321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya. |  | 31 |
| 5701171747 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. |  | 32 |
| 5701204656 | Ashoka Maurya | The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan Empire to its height. Famously converted to Buddhism after the deadly Kalinga Wars |  | 33 |
| 5701210567 | Chandra Gupta the Great | The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE. |  | 34 |
| 5701213394 | Qin Shi Huang | First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalism; abolished feudalism and established a bureaucracy; anti-religion; building of Great Wall and other public works |  | 35 |
| 5701216488 | Xiongnu | nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC |  | 36 |
| 5701232964 | Wu Ti | Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, (140-87 BCE); promoted peace; supported Confucianism; Conducted trade with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. He also conducted the FIRST Civil service examinations in the world. |  | 37 |
| 5701235616 | Satrapies | the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire |  | 38 |
| 5701239510 | Great Royal Roads | The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE. |  | 39 |
| 5701249583 | Lydians | A small group that did not create a large empire but instead made the first coined money that was spread through cultural diffusion. This also allowed for a money economy to be put in place. |  | 40 |
| 5701253698 | Macedonians | a group of people who lived in Macedonia and were grouped into tribes. They were referred to as barbarians by the Greeks. |  | 41 |
| 5701256495 | Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. |  | 42 |
| 5701259008 | Octavious | Caesar's adopted son and appointed successor. Octavius, who had been traveling abroad, returns after Caesar's death; he then joins with Antony and sets off to fight Cassius and Brutus. Antony tries to control Octavius's movements, but Octavius follows his adopted father's example and emerges as the authoritative figure, paving the way for his eventual seizure of the reins of Roman government. |  | 43 |
| 5701264269 | Constantine | (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. |  | 44 |
| 5701268674 | Diocletian | (245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. |  | 45 |
| 5701274974 | Wang Mang | A reformist official in 9 CE who was troubled by the plight of the peasants seized power from the Han court and declared the foundation of the Xin dynasty (New dynasty). The Han dynasty had been declining for decades and many nobles and emperors had been consumed with court life leaving much else to be deteriorated. Mang tried to confiscate the great estates, restore the ancient well-field, and abolish slavery. He alienated many powerful people and was assassinated. |  | 46 |
