Terms : Hide Images
| 6432717531 | lost generation | Expressed in poetry and fiction the disillusion of American & European thought after the Great War. | 0 | |
| 6432722431 | Oswald Spengler | Published the Decline of the West - proposed that all societies pass through a life cycle of growth and decay comparable to the biological cycle of living organisms. Concluded that European society had entered the final stage of existence and would soon decline. | 1 | |
| 6432726026 | Arnold J. Toynbee | Wrote a twelve-volume classic, A Study of History which analyzed how societies develop through time. He analyzed the genesis, growth, and disintegration of twenty-six societies. | 2 | |
| 6432727531 | Karl Barth | Published Epistle to the Romans in 1919 which attacked the liberal Christian theology that embraced the idea of progress, the tendency of European thinkers to believe in limitless improvement as the realization of God's purpose. | 3 | |
| 6432730801 | Niokolai Berdiaev | Said "Man's historical experience has been one of steady failure, and there are no grounds for supposing it will be ever anything else." | 4 | |
| 6432737849 | "rule of inferiors" | WWI destroyed the belief in the universality of human progress. Political participation increased; intellectuals believed political systems had weakened as more people gained influence. | 5 | |
| 6432741152 | José Ortega y Gasset | His essay, "Revolt of the Masses" warned readers about the masses who were destined to destroy the achievements of Western society. | 6 | |
| 6432744515 | Albert Einstein | Developed the theory of special relativity in 1905 - space and time are relative to the person measuring them. | 7 | |
| 6432746078 | Werner Heisenberg | Developed the uncertainty principle in 1927 - it is impossible to specify the position and the velocity of a particle simultaneously. Scientists cannot observe the behavior of electrons objectively because the act of observation interferes with them. This applies to other fields besides science. | 8 | |
| 6432749837 | Sigmund Feud | Identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. Freud analyzed literature, religion, politics, and other human endeavors, seeking to identify the manifestations of the repressed conscious. | 9 | |
| 6432749838 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory that provided the keys to understanding human behavior. He shaped the psychiatric profession and established a presence in literature and the arts. | 10 | |
| 6432771522 | Edgar Degas | Artistic heritages of Asian, Pacific, and African societies influenced contemporary painting. Influenced by Japanese angles and perspectives. | 11 | |
| 6432771523 | Paul Gauguin | Inspired by the "primitive" art in Tahiti and central America. He said it held a sense of wonder that "civilized" people no longer possessed. | 12 | |
| 6432774352 | Pablo Picasso | The leading proponent of cubism, which displayed the influence of African art forms. | 13 | |
| 6432776037 | The Bauhaus | An institution that brought together architects, designers, and painters - located in Germany. Bent on creating a building style and interior designs that were uniquely suited for urban and industrial areas. | 14 | |
| 6432777470 | Walter Gropius | His architectural design was functional and featured simplicity of shape and extensive use of glass. | 15 | |
| 6432779692 | Ludwig Mies von der Rohe | He was also profoundly influenced modern architecture. He used steel frames and glass - glass box skyscrapers. | 16 | |
| 6432792145 | Le Corbusier | Swiss-French architect who laid out the new capital of Punjab, Chandigarth and designed for it three concrete government buildings. | 17 | |
| 6432876219 | Events leading to the Depression | Europe's economy was tied to the financial system that involved war debts among the Allies, reparations paid by Germany and Austria, and the flow of US funds to Europe. Austria and Germany relied on US loans and investment capital to finance reparation payments to France and England. British and French depended on reparation payments to pay off loans to US. US leaders withdrawing capital from Europe strained the financial system. Reduced worldwide demand for raw materials increased supplies and dropped prices of goods. Depressed agricultural state led to overproduction and falling prices. | 18 | |
| 6432879638 | Black Thursday | Buying of stock on margin by US ventures - investors pulled out of market, wave of panic selling on NY Stock Exchange caused stock prices to plummet. Businesses cut down in production and laid off employees. Because world's prosperity depended on export of US capita, the depression created a ripple effect | 19 | |
| 6432888302 | economic nationalism | As international cooperation broke down, governments turned to their own resources. Imposed tariff barriers, import quotas, and import prohibitions to achieve a high degree of economic self-sufficiency. | 20 | |
| 6432891465 | Smoot-Hawley Tariff | Passed in 1930, raised duties on most manufactured products to prohibitive levels. The governments of dozens of other nations retaliated by raising tariffs on imports of US products. Resulted in a drop in international trade. | 21 | |
| 6432893934 | Charles Richet | Insisted that removing women from the workforce would solve the problem of male unemployment and increase the nation's low birthrate. | 22 | |
| 6432896177 | John Steinbeck | Wrote The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. Commented on the US government's policy of "planned scarcity" in which surplus crops were destroyed to raise prices while citizens starved. | 23 | |
| 6432898096 | John Maynard Keynes | Was the most influential economist of the twentieth century. His novel answered the central problem of the depression, that millions of people who were willing to work could not find employment. He viewed the cause of the depression as inadequate demand and urged governments to play an active role in stimulating the economy by increasing the money supply, lowering interest rates and encouraging investment. He advised governments to provide jobs and redistribute incomes through tax policy. | 24 | |
| 6432902153 | New Deal | FDR designed legislation to prevent the collapse of the banking system, to provide jobs and farm subsidies, to give workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, to guarantee minimum wages, and to provide social security in old age. Program premised that the government was justified in intervening to protect the social and economic welfare of the people. It represented a shift in US policy and started a trend toward social reform legislation that continued after the depression. | 25 | |
| 6432911843 | Bolshevik Party | Opposition to the Russian Communist Partyled to a civil war that lasted from 1918 to 1920. | 26 | |
| 6432918444 | Red Terror | Communists began a campaign in which suspected anticommunists known as Whites were arrested, tried, and executed. | 27 | |
| 6432921377 | war communism | Reds embarked on nationalization. They annulled private property, assumed control of banks, industry, and other privately held commercial properties. Landed estates and the holdings of monarchies became national property but peasants kept their land. They abolished private trade and seized peasants' crops, led to a drop in industrial production and agricultural output. | 28 | |
| 6432926545 | Lenin | Recognized need to make peace with those who could rekindle industrial production. | 29 | |
| 6432930614 | New Economic Policy | Lenin temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia. Small scale industries gained private ownership. Also allowed peasants to sell crops at market prices, created a program for electrification, and established schools to train technicians and engineers. | 30 | |
| 6432933188 | Politburo | The central governing body of the Communist Party. | 31 | |
| 6432937370 | First Five Year Plan | Stalin replaced Lenin's New Economic Plan with a plan for rapid economic development in 1929. Planned to transform the USSR from an agricultural country to an industrial power. It set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy but emphasized heavy industry, like steel and machinery, | 32 | |
| 6432942560 | Gosplan | The central state planning agency, Stalin attempted to coordinate resources and laborers. | 33 | |
| 6432944740 | collectivization of agriculture | USSR expropriated privately owned land to create collective farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers. Stalin viewed it as a means of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and ensuring that workers would be fed. It was most opposed by the kulaks (wealthy peasants who rose to power during the New Economic Plan). Stalin ended collectivization in 1931. | 34 | |
| 6432947296 | Congress of Victors | Became the Congress of Victims as Stalin incited a civil war within the party. He tried former Bolshevik elites for treason and in the Great Purge he removed two thirds of delegates. | 35 | |
| 6432950174 | Fascism | A political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society. It developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and the spread of communism and socialism. During the 1920s and 1930s it attracted millions of followers, especially the middle class, rural populations, and nationalists of all classes who denounced their governments for failing to realize the objectives they fought for during WWI. Sought to create a new national community which they defined either as a nation-state or as a unique ethnic or racial group. | 36 | |
| 6432956795 | chauvinism | A form of nationalism promoted by fascism | 37 | |
| 6432959565 | xenophobia | A fear of foreigners promoted by fascism | 38 | |
| 6432966343 | militarism | A belief in the rigors and virtues of military life as an individual and national ideal. | 39 | |
| 6432969371 | Mussolini | A former socialist founded "The People of Italy" newspaper in 1914. He believed the war represented a turning point for Italy. | 40 | |
| 6432973847 | Italian Combat Veteran League (Fasci Italiani di Combattimento) | In 1919 Mussolini established the fascist party. | 41 | |
| 6432976648 | Blackshirts | Mussolini used violence against socialists by fascist armed squads. | 42 | |
| 6432982914 | King Victor Emmanuel III | By 1921 Italy was in a civil war. In 1922 Mussolini seized power from the Italian king. | 43 | |
| 6432985067 | il Duce | In 1926 Mussolini seized power as dictator and ruled Italy. He crushed labor unions and prohibited strikes. Tried to establish a corporatist order. | 44 | |
| 6432987892 | Corporatism | Viewed society as an organic entity through which the different interests in society came under the control of the state. | 45 | |
| 6432991477 | National Council of Corporations | Settled labor disputes and supervised wage settlements - propaganda effort. | 46 | |
| 6432994583 | Pact of Steel | Hitler and Mussolini signed a ten-year agreement in 1939. | 47 | |
| 6433004607 | the National Socialist German Worker's Party | In 1921 Hitler became the chairman of the Nazi party. | 48 | |
| 6433006860 | Paul von Hindenburg | Decided to offer Hitler the chancellorship in 1932. | 49 | |
| 6433006861 | National Socialist Party | Nazi Party | 50 | |
| 6433010481 | Hitler | Won the German peoples' votes by promising to end misfortunes created by WWI. Germany in debt after the Treaty of Versailles identified Germany as responsible for the war. 1920s wiped out the savings of the middle class. Destroyed trade unions and eliminated collective bargaining, prohibiting strikes and lockouts. Took control of police forces and removed enemies of the regime. | 51 | |
| 6433015059 | the Third Reich | Leaders pursued the creation of a race-based national community. | 52 | |
| 6433021692 | Efforts to increase birth rate | Launched a campaign to increase birth rates. Relegated women primarily to the role of wife and mother. Tax credits, child allowances, and marriage loans encouraged marriage. Divorce laws rewritten so husbands could only divorce their wives if they were sterile. | 53 | |
| 6433021693 | Pronatalist | Propaganda that emphasized the cult of motherhood. Hitler gave the Honor Cross of the German Mother to women who bore many children. | 54 | |
| 6433024468 | compulsory sterilization | In 1933 Nazis initiated this program to prevent anyone who would muddle the Aryan race from having children. | 55 | |
| 6433029839 | Nuremberg Laws | Deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and Germans. The goal of the Nazi regime was Jewish emigration | 56 | |
| 6433032846 | Kristallnacht | (the night of broken glass) - in 1938 the Nazis destroyed thousands of Jewish stores, synagogues, and homes. | 57 | |
| 6433034730 | pogrom | Signal that the position of Jews in Hitler's reach was about to deteriorate. | 58 |
