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| 4376785276 | agricultural revolution | the transition period in which people switched from a hunter-gather lifestyle to a sedentary one. began when nomadic peoples returned to their favorite grazing place each year and began cultivating their favorite products. animals were domesticated. caused specialization of labor and social classes. also called neolithic revolution or the new stone age | 0 | |
| 4376835166 | aristocracy | highest class in certain societies. often holding hereditary titles or offices. often received benefits or were exempt from classes depending on the society | 1 | |
| 4376858714 | barbarian | a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (ex: Greek, Roman, or Christian) | 2 | |
| 4376875751 | brahmin | hindu priests. originally second on the caste system but were moved up when they were considered "closer to god". hinduism revolves around them believing that the brahma spirit is inside of them | 3 | |
| 4376887063 | bureaucracy | people who work for the government. a way to organize the government. | 4 | |
| 4376899308 | cities vs villages | cities were influenced over larger areas, more complex social structure and leadership, further specialization of labor, more complex technology | 5 | |
| 4376907795 | civilization | 5 characteristics of this are: advanced cities, advanced technology, skilled workers, complex institutions (government, church, etc), system of writing | 6 | |
| 4376932374 | currency | money | 7 | |
| 4376943315 | deity | god/goddess in a polytheistic religion | 8 | |
| 4376945891 | democracy | political system in which the people rule; used first time in greek polis | 9 | |
| 4376950685 | dharama | moral law in hinduism, "duty" (ex: a Brahmins dharma is to be a priest). emphasizes that human actions produce consequences | 10 | |
| 4376970005 | diffusion | spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another | 11 | |
| 4376993556 | diversified food supply | caused by agricultural revolution that changed peoples diets | 12 | |
| 4376997596 | domesticated animals | a factor in the cause of the agricultural revolution, diversified food supply. also caused pastoral societies typically where the environment was insufficent for other forms of life. (ex: horses, pigs, cattle) | 13 | |
| 4377019107 | dynastic cycle | the rise and fall of different dynasties. often reflected dominance of different parts of the country. prominent in Egypt, then China | 14 | |
| 4377032964 | egalitarian | the belief that all people are equal | 15 | |
| 4377036322 | ethnic/legal codes | starting that all people are equal; egalitarian. (ex: Hammarabi's code, 10 commandments in Hebrew and Christianity) | 16 | |
| 4377045965 | fronteir | a line/border that separates two countries | 17 | |
| 4377057641 | hunters and gathers/foraging/nomads | a way of life which does not include cities or farming; only needs are shelter and food. climate changes, disease, famine, and natural disasters could endanger entire communities | 18 | |
| 4377069004 | ice age | in the paleolithic age, this natural disaster locked up most of the worlds fresh water in glaciers. brought increased wetness to sahara which caused a rising population and changed the climate elsewhere | 19 | |
| 4377082803 | irrigation systems | system to water the land with canals, channels, etc. (ex: used in Mesopotamia to control Tigris and Euphrates, in Egypt to control the Nile, etc) | 20 | |
| 4377102234 | karma | a persons good or evil deed in their personal life in the practice of Hinduism. those with a better deed would come back in a higher-caste. those with a bad deed would come back in a lower caste or as an animal | 21 | |
| 4377116853 | mandate of heaven | the blessinng of heaven given to Chinese leaders. if things in the dynasty went wrong people claimed they lost that blessing and were overthrown. (ex: allowed the Zhou to overthrow the Shang) | 22 | |
| 4377128174 | monogamy | the practice of marriage to one person | 23 | |
| 4377134175 | pagan | a person holding religious beliefs other than the main religion; synonym: heathen | 24 | |
| 4377143359 | pastoral/pastoralism | societies characterized by domestication of animals without agriculture. traded with agricultural societies. often in areas where resources were not plentiful enough for agriculture | 25 | |
| 4377158398 | polygamy | marriage to multiple people | 26 | |
| 4377162416 | record keeping | the process of recording events. (ex: Mesopotamia used cunieform, Egypt used hierogylphics, Indus Valley's is undeciphered, Shang used orcale bones, etc) | 27 | |
| 4377183687 | secular | things that have no religious basis (ex: some governments) | 28 | |
| 4377188566 | sericulture | the production of silk and raising worms for this purpose (Shang people became experts in this) | 29 | |
| 4377200416 | settled populations | agricultural revolution allowed for this while this allowed specialization of labor, cities (ex: Jericho in Israel and Catal Huyulk in Anatolia) | 30 | |
| 4377217438 | slavery | the process of forcing labor upon people | 31 | |
| 4377223517 | specialization of labor | this was the idea of different jobs being done by different people. the agricultural revolution as well as settled villages allowed for this. it helped establish a social structure and different acumlations of wealth | 32 | |
| 4387271576 | surplus | too much of one resource. the agricultural revolution allowed for it | 33 | |
| 4387274227 | syncretism | the blending of religion or cultures | 34 | |
| 4387276249 | textiles | type of cloth or woven fabric | 35 | |
| 4387279024 | theocracy | a religiously based state; ruled directly by a god | 36 | |
| 4387285484 | ancestor veneration | a religious belief that deceased family members (their spirits) will look after the family, take an interest in the affairs of the world, and posses the ability to influence the fortune of the living. often in Chinese culture | 37 | |
| 4387296347 | animism | the belief that all natural objects, phenomena, and the universe itself have desires and intentions and each posses a soul or spirit. this may be the earliest form of religion | 38 | |
| 4387308711 | bodhisattra | in mahayana buddhism, it is a deity that has achieved nirvana but choses to remain on earth | 39 | |
| 4387315370 | caste system | a class structure found specifically in hinduism, also called the jati. in order it goes the brahmins (priests), khatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (merchants, landowners), shudras (commoners, peasants, servants), and the untouchables (street sweepers, latrine cleaners) | 40 | |
| 4387344600 | city state | a city that with its surrounding territory form an independent state. | 41 | |
| 4387356650 | classical | comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient greece, rome, han, gupta, and maya empires. the late period included the collapse of each empire | 42 | |
| 4387375797 | codification | a set of rules or principles or laws, especially written ones | 43 | |
| 4387388777 | dao/tao | the way of nature, the way of cosmos. accomplishes everything yet does nothing. this developed into daoism | 44 | |
| 4387404021 | diaspora | a greek word "to scatter about". a widely dispersed community as a result of natural disaster, politics, etc. | 45 | |
| 4387413094 | enlightenment | in buddhism, the action or state of attaining spritiual knowledge or insight in a particular state was that awarness which frees a person from reincarnation | 46 | |
| 4387426561 | filial piety | also means xiao. confucianism. the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family | 47 | |
| 4387434784 | hellenistic age | relating to greek history from 321-31 BCE when greek culture flourished and spread | 48 | |
| 4388239005 | manifestations | disorganized thinking-delusiotns, hallucinations, regression, withdrawal, paranoria | 49 | |
| 4388240855 | merchant | a trader | 50 | |
| 4388240856 | missionaries | people sent to an area to spread a specific religion | 51 | |
| 4388243150 | monarchy | a state or nation in which the supreme power is a hereditary soviergned king, queen, etc. | 52 | |
| 4388250505 | monastery | a place for monks and nuns to live and worship. (ex: buddhism, christianity, jainism) | 53 | |
| 4388254333 | monsoon winds | seasonal winds in the indian ocean caused by rapid heating and cooling of nearby landmasses. they make agriculture and sailing easier/more convenient | 54 | |
| 4388261386 | rajas | type genus of the family Rajidae | 55 | |
| 4388267020 | reincarnation | being reborn into an animal or another person. idea practiced in hinduism, buddhism, jainism | 56 | |
| 4388272777 | rents | above-market returns to a factor of products | 57 | |
| 4388274499 | republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 58 | |
| 4388280463 | rituals | the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies | 59 | |
| 4388284261 | sanskrit scriptures | an ancient language in india, hinduism/vedas text | 60 | |
| 4388289195 | scriptures | sacred writing | 61 | |
| 4388290761 | shamanism | one acting as a medium between the visible an spirit worlds | 62 | |
| 4388292793 | sinicization | adoption and absorption by foreign people of chinese language | 63 | |
| 4388302027 | social harmony | taught that good government would come to china if people lived according to ethics, good conduct, and moral judgement | 64 | |
| 4388305003 | universal truths | applies universally to all religious beliefs | 65 | |
| 4388626751 | black death | an outbreak of the bubonic plague and other diseases that the mongols spread to asia, africa, and europe killing off a majority of the population, including the feudal society | 66 | |
| 4388630150 | bushido | "the way of the warrior". the strict code by which the Japanese samurai were supposed to live by | 67 | |
| 4388638076 | caliphate | a theocratic government in the name of Islam ruled by a caliph | 68 | |
| 4388638941 | chinampa | "floating gardens". small man-made islands floating in water | 69 | |
| 4388640655 | chivalry | code that knights followed. essentially a set of ideals that demands a knight fight bravely in defense of the 3 masters: his feudal lord, heavenly lord (god), and his chosen lady. knights should be loyal, brave, and courteous | 70 | |
| 4388647526 | christendom | christian-dominated western europe of the middle ages | 71 | |
| 4388650641 | civil service exam | in china, it was an exam based off confucian teachings that was used to select people for jobs in the government | 72 | |
| 4388652543 | crusades | 4 major crusade movements to spread christianity. "religious" but ended up being bloody with rape, murder, etc. led to a bigger divide within the orthodox christianity and roman catholicism and within the christians and muslims that lasted for centuries | 73 | |
| 4388660573 | dar al-islam | "house of islam", essentially lands where islam was practiced | 74 | |
| 4388663835 | diffusion of scientific and technological traditions | the spread of printing and gunpowder (chinese tang/song), cotton, sugar, and citrus which spread by trade/expansion (especially in the dynastic successions in china), the indian ocean, silk road, etc, and newer transportation systems. greco-roman writings also spread to western europe | 75 | |
| 4388675679 | entrepot | big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities | 76 | |
| 4388846554 | feudalism | european social, economical, and political system which had a strict hierarchy: kings>nobles>vassals>peasants. kings granted nobles use of land in exchange for military service. the nobles split up the land and gave them to lesser lords (vassals) who supervised the peasants working on the farm in exchange for protection | 77 | |
| 4388856298 | fiefs | the estates that were granted to vassals. later became known as manors | 78 | |
| 4388857679 | gentry | in china, the class of the prosperous families slightly below rural aristocrats. the government drew the administrative personel from this class | 79 | |
| 4388861449 | grand canal in china | 600-1450, the longest man-made canal that connects beijing-hangzhou and yellow-yangzee rivers | 80 | |
| 4388864789 | great warming period | a period of unnaturally warm weather from 800-1300 | 81 | |
| 4388866292 | griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to the kings within the Mali empire | 82 | |
| 4388869786 | guilds | association of merchants or artsians who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 83 | |
| 4388873519 | hajj | the pilgrimage to mecca done by muslims as a duty | 84 | |
| 4388876255 | hanseatic league | a signifgant economic alliance of merchant towns designed to achieve security and trust for trading in germany | 85 | |
| 4388882113 | khan/khanates | a title given to rulers and officials of mostly mongol tribes/empires. (ex: khanate of great khan, chagatai khan, khanate of golden horde, ilkhanate) | 86 | |
| 4388885489 | kow tow | a chinese custom to kneel, touch the head to the group in expression of deep respect, worship, or submission | 87 | |
| 4388889240 | little ice age | a period from 1300-1450 in europe where cold and wet weather occured | 88 | |
| 4388956933 | manorialism | economic system during middle ages that revolved around self-sufficent farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land | 89 | |
| 4388958252 | mit'a | forced labor system for a limited time to accomplish public works and provide food for the family | 90 | |
| 4388959765 | neoconfucianism | describes the resurgence of confucianism and confucian scholar influence during the song dynasty. a new understanding of the texts | 91 | |
| 4388966089 | nobility | a privledged class holding hereditary titles | 92 | |
| 4388968313 | daimyo | great lords who were vassals of shogun in Japan | 93 | |
| 4388969190 | zamindars | landowner; often leases it out | 94 | |
| 4388971574 | papacy | central administration of roman catholic church, of which the pope is the head | 95 | |
| 4388972242 | quipu | arrangement of knotted strings on a cord to record numerical info used by the incas | 96 | |
| 4388973723 | samurai | class of warriors who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land in feudal japan | 97 | |
| 4388975171 | serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land; peasant in the feudal system | 98 | |
| 4388976698 | sharia | body of islamic law that includes the interpretation of the quran and applies islamic principles to everyday life | 99 | |
| 4388978029 | shia | shi'ite muslims; accepts ali as true successor | 100 | |
| 4388979052 | southernization | developments that were first made in south asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest | 101 | |
| 4388981390 | sufi | muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mystical means | 102 | |
| 4388981749 | sultan | "holder of power" | 103 | |
| 4388982706 | sunni | a branch of islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of muhammad | 104 | |
| 4388985125 | swahili | bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast | 105 | |
| 4388986804 | tax farming | government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. | 106 | |
| 4388989207 | terraces | steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming | 107 | |
| 4388989887 | synthesized | to create | 108 | |
| 4388992014 | tribute system | when independent nations acknowledged the supremacy of other nations and sent ambassadors to the city with gifts | 109 | |
| 4388994953 | ulama | the body of mullahs (muslim scholars trained in islam and islamic law) who are the interpreters of islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the islamic community | 110 | |
| 4388995672 | 622 | the rise of islam (year) | 111 | |
| 4388996968 | 730 | printing invented in china (year) | 112 | |
| 4388998056 | 732 | battle of tours (end of muslim move to france) (year) | 113 | |
| 4388999588 | 900 | decline of classical maya (year) | 114 | |
| 4389000462 | 1054 | schism of greek and latin christian churches divides christianity permanently into two geographical and denominational halves (year) | 115 | |
| 4389002604 | 1066 | norman conquest of england (year) | 116 | |
| 4389003577 | 1071 | seljuk defeat of byzantines (battle of manzikert) (year) | 117 | |
| 4389004764 | 1095 | first crusade (year) | 118 | |
| 4389005528 | 1026 | genghis khan begins his conquest of asia (year) | 119 | |
| 4389008232 | 1215 | magna carta signed by king john at runnymede; beginning of constitutional rule (year) | 120 | |
| 4389010206 | 1258 | mongols sack baghad (year) | 121 | |
| 4389011449 | 1271-1295 | marco polo travels (year) | 122 | |
| 4389012124 | 1300s | rise of ottomans (relative year) | 123 | |
| 4389013090 | 1324 | mansa musa's pilgrimage (year) | 124 | |
| 4389014410 | 1325-1349 | travels of ibn battuta (year) | 125 | |
| 4389015227 | 1347-1348 | bubonic plague in europe (year) | 126 | |
| 4389015762 | 1433 | end of zheng he's voyages (year) | 127 | |
| 4389016741 | 1438 | rise of the inca (year) | 128 | |
| 4389018647 | 8000 BCE | beginnings of agriculture (year) | 129 | |
| 4389019086 | 3500 BCE | invention of wheel, plough (mesopotamia) and sail (egypt) (year) | 130 | |
| 4389020844 | 3200 BCE | invention of writing in mesopotamia (year) | 131 | |
| 4389021961 | 3000 BCE | founding of first cities in sumeria (year) | 132 | |
| 4389023443 | 7th century BCE | invention of ironworking (year) | 133 | |
| 4389023902 | 5th century BCE | beginnings of confucianism, buddhism, daoism, and greek golden age (year) | 134 | |
| 4389025065 | 323 BCE | alexander the great (year) | 135 | |
| 4389027548 | 221 BCE | qin unified china (year) | 136 | |
| 4389028236 | 184 BCE | fall of the mauryan dynasty (year) | 137 | |
| 4389029312 | 32 | beginnings of christianity (year) | 138 | |
| 4389031844 | 180 | end of pax romana (year) | 139 | |
| 4389032358 | 220 | end of han dynasty (year) | 140 | |
| 4389032359 | 312 | roman emperor constantine converts to christianity (year) | 141 | |
| 4389033413 | 320 | rise of gupta in india (year) | 142 | |
| 4389034027 | 333 | roman capital moved to constantinople (year) | 143 | |
| 4389034453 | 476 | fall of rome in the west ends 800 years of roman hegemony (year) | 144 | |
| 4389035774 | 527 | justinian rules byzantine empire (year) | 145 | |
| 4389036253 | 550 | fall of gupta empire in india | 146 |
