Traditions and Encounter Bentley Text Book 5th Edition
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| 6390181741 | OVERVIEW FROM BENTLEY WEBSITE | -In Asia, Japan's militarist leaders sought to build national strength through imperial expansion. In China, the Ming dynasty ended, giving rise to a civil war fought between adherents of competing visions of the new Chinese state. Japanese imperial aggression complicated the progress of this war. In India, a strong nationalist movement began to threaten the hold of the British empire on the subcontinent. -In Africa, European imperialists tightened their control of colonial possessions, as African economic life became more tightly enmeshed in the global economy. With the onset of the Great Depression, European countries that controlled the export of African products experienced dramatic decreases in trade volume and commodity prices and, consequently, African peoples suffered. Meanwhile, African peoples challenged European imperial authority and developed competing visions of national identity and unity that would come to fruition after World War II. -In Latin America, statesmen and political activists worked to alter the neocolonialist economic domination of the United States, their "good neighbor" to the north. Neocolonialism, which often featured military intervention and political interference, compromised the independent political and economic development of Latin American states, but it did not prevent nationalist leaders from developing strategies to counter new forms of imperialism. | 0 | |
| 6390181742 | Eyewitness: Shanfei | Daughter of a wealthy landowning man, Became an active revolutionary dedicated to the cause of women and communism, becoming an activist. Shanfei attended a modern school, she wanted her daughters to do the same. Age 16, protested at her school, later moved to an even modern school. Became leader in the student movement. Broke tradition in her personal and political life attending school with men. Dropped out, joined Communist Youth. | 1 | |
| 6390181743 | Neocolonialism | -(Internet Definition) Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc). -(Book Definition) Foreign economic domination and, frequently, military intervention and interference in the workings of a nation's political system | 2 | |
| 6390181744 | Where did nationalism develop into a powerful political force? | Asia, India, and China | 3 | |
| 6390181745 | What methods did Japan use in the interwar years to enhance its national identity? | Militarism and imperial expansion | 4 | |
| 6390181746 | What methods did China use to gain national identity? | Foreign and civil war as two principal groups, The Nationalist and Communist Parties. Complicated by Japanese militarists because Japan struggled to overcome domestic problems seeking conquest in China | 5 | |
| 6390181747 | What Methods did India use to gain national Identity? | Gaining independence from British rule, but was complicated from by sectarian differences between Hindus and Muslims | 6 | |
| 6390181748 | Indian National Congress (1885) | -Organization that enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, that pursued the goal in opposition to the British -After influenced by Gandhi, it became a mass organization that became an effective instrument of Indian nationalism | 7 | |
| 6390181749 | Muslim League (1906) | Dedicated itself to achieving independence for India members in this league became increasing worried that Hindu oppression and continued subdue of India's substantial Muslim minority might replace British rule. | 8 | |
| 6390181750 | How did the British respond to the uprising of India trying to separate to become independent? | A series of repressive measure that precipitated a wave of violence and disorder throughout the Indian Subcontinent. | 9 | |
| 6390181751 | Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948; leader of the nationalism of India) | -Remarkable and charismatic leader -Organized the local Indian community against a system of racial segregation that made Indians second-class citizens. -Moral philosophy of ahisma and satyagraha -Sought to eradicate the injustices of the caste system -Began the "Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922)" and "Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)" when he was leader of the congress -Boycotted British good -Didn't want India to industrialize -Spiritual and Political leader known as Mahatma "Great Soul" | 10 | |
| 6390181752 | Ahisma (Philosophy) | "Tolerance and Nonviolence" | 11 | |
| 6390181753 | Satyagraha | Passive resistance techniques that Gandhi used ("Truth and Firmness") | 12 | |
| 6390181754 | Harijans | -The lower lasses of society, the casteless Untouchables -"Children of God" | 13 | |
| 6390181755 | The India Act (1937) | -Enacted by British parliament -Gave India the institutions for a self-governing state. -Allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India, creation of a bicameral (two-chambered) national legislature, and the formation of an executive arm under the control of the British government. -Once it failed, British offered modified self-rule through the India Act | 14 | |
| 6390181756 | Why didn't the India Act work? | -Princes of provinces refused to cooperate -Muslims wanted independent state -Muslims feared that Hindus would dominate the national legislature | 15 | |
| 6390181757 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876 - 1948) | -Eloquent and Brilliant lawyer; headed the Muslim League -Warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community -Called for the creation of Pakistan | 16 | |
| 6390181758 | 1911 Revolution (China) | -Did not establish a stable government, but rather fell into the rule of the warlords, making themselves as provincial or regional rulers. Never founded a dynasty nor created a stable central state -"Unequal Treaties"; guided Chinese relations with foreign countries, foreign control over Chinese economy, giving foreign control over china. | 17 | |
| 6390181759 | May Fourth Movement | -Chinese youths and intellectuals opposed to imperialism -Galvanized the Chinese against foreign influence | 18 | |
| 6390181760 | Chinese Communist Party (CCP) | -Organized in Shanghai -Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976), viewed a social revolution as a cure for China's problems, advocated women's equality; believed in Maoism. -Alliance with Guomindang, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners | 19 | |
| 6390181761 | Nationalist Party "Guomindang" | -Nationalist leader Sun Yatsen; favored democracy and nationalism -Alliance with Chinese Communist Party, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners -1978 became official government of a unified and sovereign Chinese state. | 20 | |
| 6390181762 | Sun Yatsen's "Three Principles of the People" | 1) Elimination of special privileges of special privileges for foreigners 2) National Reunification 3) Economic Development 4) A democratic republican government based on universal suffrage. | 21 | |
| 6390181763 | After Sun Yatsen's death in 1925 | -Jiang Jieshi became leader of Guomindang, main goal was to reunify china in his political and military offense "Northern Expedition", ultimately reaching his goal. Turned on his communist allies, bringing both alliances to a bloody end. | 22 | |
| 6390181764 | China's new government problems during the 1930's | 1) Nationalists only controlled a part of china, warlords controlling the rest. 2) Early 1930s, communist revolution was still a major threat 3) The Guomindang faced increasing Japanese aggression. | 23 | |
| 6390181765 | Long March | -10,000 km (6,215 miles) -85,000 troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red Army began the march because Jiang Jieshi ordered to elimiate the CCP and its Red Army to deal with China's New Government Problems -Arrived at Shaanxi Province of northwest china, established headquarters at Yan'an in October 1935 -Strengthened Mao Zedong's leadership position | 24 | |
| 6390181766 | Maoism | -Created by Mao Zedong; leader and principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement -An ideology grounded in the conviction that peasant rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution, "Village Power", critical to Mao Zedong in a country where most people were peasants | 25 | |
| 6390181767 | Japanese Benefits from WWI (Great War) | -Became a world power -Participated in the League of Nations -Economic boost from WWI, sold munitions to allies - Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integrity ; Entered a series of international agreements that sought to improve relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the pacific. | 26 | |
| 6390181768 | What led to Japan's economic decline? | Rapid inflation from war production to it's allies, series of recessions that culminated in a giant economic slump caused by the Great Depression, Plummeting industrial production, huge job layoffs, declining trade, and financial chaos. | 27 | |
| 6390181769 | Main conflicts for Japan | Political conflict emerged between internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, and nationalists, hostile to foreign influences | 28 | |
| 6390181770 | The Mukden Incident of 1931 | -Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack, becoming a pretext for Japanese attack against China. -Pretext for Japanese attack against China -Japan took over Manchuria merging it with their empire, challenging the international peace system and beginning war | 29 | |
| 6390181771 | What was Japan's response when the League of Nations ordered the withdrawal of Japanese troops and restoration of Chinese sovereignty? | Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations | 30 | |
| 6390181772 | WWI's and the Great Depression's effects to Asia | -Ongoing nationalist and political upheavals -New ideologies and old conflicts intersected to complicate the processes of independence and national unification in India and China -Global economic crisis led to some lessening of European imperial influence -Industrialized Japan exerts its imperial will on the Asian sphere | 31 | |
| 6390181773 | WWI's and the Great Depression's effects to Africa | -Complicated quests for national independence and unity -Europeans forcing Africans to participate in the war. -Every African colony took side in the war meaning that German colonial administration faced combined colonial forces of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal -During the war, Africans challenged European colonial authority. | 32 | |
| 6390181774 | War for Africans in 1914 | -Britain sought to maintain naval supremacy and to secure victor's spoils after war -France sought recovery of territory earlier ceded to Germany -Germans, outnumbered ten to one, could not win but 15,000 troops tied down 60,000 Allied forces until late in the war -Large numbers of Africans participated actively in the war as soldiers or carriers | 33 | |
| 6390181775 | 3 ways colonial powers raised recruits for fighting and carrier services in WWI | 1)Purely voluntary basis 2)Levies supplied by African chiefs that consisted of volunteer and impressed personnel 3)through formal conscription | 34 | |
| 6390181776 | How did Africans challenge European authority? | -Europeans left to support war effort, resulting in an even thinner European presences in Africa encouraging Africans to take the opportunity to stage armed uprisings. Colonial regimes were forced to divert scarce military resources to meet those challenges -The cause of revolts varied but they included pan-Islamic opposition to war; anti-European and anti-Christian sentiment; and compulsory conscription of Africans | 35 | |
| 6390181777 | What two key economic objectives in Africa did colonial powers pursue? | 1) Colonies paid for institutions, that kept them subdue under control 2) export-oriented economies characterized by the exchange in processed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad | 36 | |
| 6390181778 | Great Depression's impact on colonies in Africa subjugated by European powers | -Exposed vulnerability to dependent colonial economies -European companies that controlled African export products suffered; trade fell by half, commodity prices dropped also. | 37 | |
| 6390181779 | Africa's Infrastructure | -Africa's economic integrations required investments infrastructures -1920s, new colonial economy included port facilities, roads, railways, and 'telegraph wires, efficient transportation': helped facilitate conquest and rule -African's labor and taxes paid for the infrastructure | 38 | |
| 6390181780 | What influence did farming and mining have to Africa? | -Cash crop farming was used by the largest portion of Africans because Africans had to pay taxes levied on land, houses, livestock, and people themselves, as taxation was used to drive Africans into the labor market. -Mineral wealth bestowed colonial mining enterprises that relied on African labor. -*BOTH MINING AND FARMING IN AFRICA RELIED EXTREMELY ON AFRICAN LABOR. | 39 | |
| 6390181781 | How was forced labor pressured upon Africans where taxation failed to create a maleable native labor forced? | - Originated with concessionary companies, used for forced labor and disguised variants of slavery. - Authorized by governments from the concessionary companies to exploit a region's resources with the help of their own system of taxation and labor recruitment. - 15-20 years later, 20,000 African laborers had perished from starvation, disease, and maltreatment. | 40 | |
| 6390181782 | African Nationalism | -After the war, ideas concerning self-determination gained acceptance among a group of African nationalists, giving rise to incipient nationalist movements -African nationalist frequently embraced the European concept of the nation, as the best model for realizing their goals of mobilizing resources, organizing societies, and resisting colonial rule | 41 | |
| 6390181783 | African Elite | -Novel African social class, derived its status and place in society from employment and education -High-ranking civil servants, physicians, lawyers, writers, most of whom had studied either in western Europe or in the US -Wore European style cloths or adopting European names | 42 | |
| 6390181784 | Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978) | -15 years in Europe, attended various schools and universities, immensely articulate nationalist, led Kenya to independence from the British. | 43 | |
| 6390181785 | Forms of Nationalism | -Different opinions prevailed regarding what constituted a people's national identity; such as some based identity on ethnicities, religion, and languages of pre-colonial times, and believed that institutions crucial to these identities must be recreated. Some regarded the African race as the foundation for identity, solidarity, and nation-building | 44 | |
| 6390181786 | W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) | -Pan-Africanist, black US activist and intellectual promoted the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state. | 45 | |
| 6390181787 | Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) | -Pan-Africanist, called for the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state -a Jamaican nationalist who championed the "Back to Africa" movement. | 46 | |
| 6390181788 | WWI's and the Great Depression's effects to Latin America | -Spread of radical ideas and the promise of new political possibilities throughout Latin America. -gained independence in the nineteenth century, Latin American nations continued to struggle to achieve stability in the midst of interference from foreign powers, interference as in neocolonialism -This new imperial influence emanated from wealthy, industrialized powerhouses such as the United States and Great Britain, not former colonial rulers -The Great War and the Great Depression led to a reorientation of political and nationalist ideals in Latin America | 47 | |
| 6390181789 | Marxism, Lenin's theories on imperialism and concern for workers...? | Shaped the views of many intellectuals and artists | 48 | |
| 6390181790 | University Protests | -*Two same definitions, book / outline (Students wanted more representation with the educational system, and their political activism resulted in the long-term politicization of the student bodies at Latin American universities) / (Students become imbued with Marxist thought and anti-imperialist ideas as universities) -became training grounds for future political leaders such as Fidel Castro (1926-present) | 49 | |
| 6390181791 | José Carlos Mariátegui (1895-1930) | -Self-educated young Marxist intellectual that constituted about 50% of Peru's population. -Embraced Marxism and in 1928 established the Socialist Party of Peru -Helped to create the Peruvian Communist Party | 50 | |
| 6390181792 | Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance, APRA) | -Party followers were known as Apristas -Advocated indigenous rights and anti-imperialism among other causes -advocated a non-communist alternative to existing political arrangements | 51 | |
| 6390181793 | Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895 - 1979) | -Created ideas of and the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance, APRA) | 52 | |
| 6390181794 | Diego Rivera | -Mexican artist, active in the Mexican Communist Party, blended artistic vision and radical political ideas in large murals created for public buildings, for the appreciation of working people -Rivera's art provoked controversy in the United States, as his paintings, particularly Imperialism, visualized the economic dependency and political repressiveness engendered by U.S. neocolonialism -Rivera's art publicized the impact of U.S. imperialism and helped spread political activism in the Americas -Shaped the politicized art of Mexico for decades -Drew the artwork"Imperialism",visualized and advertised the economic interference and political repressiveness engendered by US neocolonialism in Latin America,"Portrait of America" being 21 paintings on United State's history | 53 | |
| 6390181795 | David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974) Jose Clemente Orozco(1883-1949) | -Other Mexican muralists that did the same to similar and Diego Rivera | 54 | |
| 6390181796 | Cesar Sandino (1893-1934) | -Martyred nationalist hero who opposed US intervention in Nicaragua -On the top right of Diego Rivera's painting; "Imperialism" | 55 | |
| 6390181797 | United States Economic Domination | -The export-oriented economies of Latin American states had long been controlled by U.S. and British investors -The main trend of neocolonialism of the 1920s was increasing U.S. control of economic affairs of Latin American countries -From 1924-1929, investments of U.S. banks and businesses grew from $1.5 to $3.5 billion, mostly in mineral extraction and oil drilling enterprises | 56 | |
| 6390181798 | Dollar Diplomacy | U.S. President Taft argued for substitution of "dollars for bullets" in Latin America, promoting peaceful commerce over expensive military intervention, referred by critics to these policies as "Dollar Diplomacy", Latin Americans perceived as "Yankee imperialism" | 57 | |
| 6390181799 | Great depression's effects on Latin America | -Halted 50 years of economic growth in Latin America as prices for commodities plummeted -Most Latin American states , since they exported agricultural products or raw materials, were further vulnerable to the effects from the depression. -Unemployment raised greatly | 58 | |
| 6390181800 | Getulio Dornelles Vargas | -Dictator-president of Brazil that turned his nation into an "estado novo", new state. -experimented by implementing protectionist policies, which pleased industrialists and urban workers, and social welfare initiatives to benefit workers | 59 | |
| 6390181801 | Great Depression experimentation | -Vargas experimented by implementing protectionist policies, which pleased industrialists and urban workers, and social welfare initiatives to benefit workers | 60 | |
| 6390181802 | The "Good Neighbor Policy" | -The policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt toward Latin America, pursue cordial relations with Latin American states and have U.S. marines train indigenous police forces to quell unrest | 61 | |
| 6390181803 | What did the outbreak of Civil war in Nicaragua lead up to? | -Insertion of U.S. Marines to restore order provoked nationalist opposition by Augusto Cesar Sandino, who insisted upon removal of Marines from his country | 62 | |
| 6390181804 | Guarda Nacional (National Guard) | -Part of a plan to remove US forces, the US established and trained the Guarda Nacional in Nicaragua. -Somoza's guard troops murdered Sandino in 1934 (making him a martyr) and soon Somoza became president | 63 | |
| 6390181805 | Juan Batista Sacasa (president, 1932-1936) | -Won US supervised elections, US troops departed, having positioned the brutal but trusted Anastacio Somoza Garca (1896-1956) as commander of the Guarda National | 64 | |
| 6390181806 | Anastacio Somoza Garca (1896-1956) | -Commander of the Guarda National -Became president, maintained the loyalty of the National Guard, worked to prove himself a good neighbor of the U.S., built the largest fortune in Nicaragua's history, and established a long-lived political dynasty | 65 | |
| 6390181807 | Lázaro Cárdenas (1895-1970) | -Mexican president, nationalized the oil industry, much of which was controlled by foreign investors from the US and Great Britain -1938, nationalization of the oil industry tested the limits of Roosevelt's more conciliatory approach to Latin American relations | 66 | |
| 6390181808 | Neighborly Cultural Exchanges | -U.S. desire to cultivate Latin American markets for exports, and to avoid militarist behavior, led to neighborly cultural exchanges reflective of a more conciliatory approach -During and after the Great War Mexicans migrated to the U.S. in large numbers to serve as agricultural and industrial laborers (but many were deported during the Great Depression) | 67 | |
| 6390181809 | Carmen Miranda (1909-1955) | -Hollywood promoted Brazilian singing and dancing sensation Carmen Miranda in order to promote more positive images of Latin America -The United Fruit Company used Miranda's image to sell bananas, which symbolized U.S. economic control of various regions of Latin America -Through its ads, the United Fruit Company gave its neocolonial policies a softer image for consumers in the U.S., which provided a counterpoint to Rivera's Imperialism | 68 |
