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| 6369092481 | Estates-General | First French parliament under King Philip IV the Fair made up of the first estate (clergy), second estate (nobles), and third estate (townspeople) | 0 | |
| 6369097734 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | 1 | |
| 6369097735 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 2 | |
| 6369099728 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 3 | |
| 6369102034 | Napoleonic Code | This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy | 4 | |
| 6369102035 | balance of power | Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe). | 5 | |
| 6369102036 | enclosure | A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity. | 6 | |
| 6369104200 | urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities | 7 | |
| 6369104201 | domestic system | The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system | 8 | |
| 6369106926 | flying shuttle | was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand | 9 | |
| 6369106927 | spinning jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. | 10 | |
| 6369108462 | cotton gin | A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 | 11 | |
| 6369108463 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. | 12 | |
| 6369110293 | interchangeable parts | uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces | 13 | |
| 6369110294 | assembly line | Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks... Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks... Henry Ford | 14 | |
| 6369115570 | free-market system | Pure capitalism, in which all economic decisions are made without government intervention. An economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell, without any intervention of the government. This idea was introduced by Adam Smith. | 15 | |
| 6369117016 | laissez-faire capitalism | An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference | 16 | |
| 6369117017 | socialism | An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange. | 17 | |
| 6369117018 | communism | A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. | 18 | |
| 6369118552 | labor unions | Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. | 19 | |
| 6369118553 | social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another | 20 | |
| 6369121042 | social Darwinism | 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. "Survival of the fittest" A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. | 21 | |
| 6369121043 | "white man's burden" | The task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies. Became the moral justification for European and American imperialism | 22 | |
| 6369124048 | British East India Company | The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization. | 23 | |
| 6369124049 | unequal treaties | An unequal treaty is any of a series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China and late Tokugawa Japan after suffering military defeat by the foreign powers or when there was a threat of military action by those powers. | 24 | |
| 6369126518 | spheres of influence | Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China) | 25 | |
| 6369126519 | Open Door Policy | Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade. | 26 | |
| 6369126520 | Boxers | A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1899-1900 | 27 | |
| 6369128251 | Russification | The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire | 28 | |
| 6369130038 | French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) | (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. | 29 | |
| 6369134218 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man | 30 | |
| 6369136474 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptible;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 31 | |
| 6369139431 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 32 | |
| 6369139432 | Waterloo | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power... the Battle of Waterloo was fought near the village of Waterloo, which is now in Belgium. This was the final battle in the Napoleonic wars, the battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated. | 33 | |
| 6369139433 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | 34 | |
| 6369142070 | Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture | the son of a slave who took his island of San Domingo (now Haiti) to independence under a constitutional government. | 35 | |
| 6369142071 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 36 | |
| 6369143739 | Miguel Hidalgo | - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. | 37 | |
| 6369143740 | Treaty of Cordoba | In 1821, the land-owning class in Mexico, which was still a Spanish colony, decided to support Mexican independence under the assurance that they could retain ownership of their land. Spain was forced to recognize that its 300-year-old rule in Latin America was ending. Mexico was granted independence and Central America followed shortly thereafter | 38 | |
| 6369145210 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) | 39 | |
| 6369145211 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. | 40 | |
| 6369146609 | Adam Smith | Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. | 41 | |
| 6369146610 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 42 | |
| 6369146611 | Luddites | Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed labor-saving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. | 43 | |
| 6369148540 | Opium War | 1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. | 44 | |
| 6369148541 | Treaty of Nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with China, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of Chinese territory and conduct trading business in China under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong. | 45 | |
| 6369150766 | White Lotus Rebellions | In central China, unhappy peasants launched a revolt known as the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804). The revolt was suppressed, but the enormous expenses of fighting the rebels weakened the Qing dynasty. | 46 | |
| 6369150767 | Taiping Rebellions | A massive rebellion by believers in the religious teachings of Hong Xiuquan, begun in 1851 and not suppressed until 1864. | 47 | |
| 6369154120 | Self-Strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West | 48 | |
| 6369156044 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate. | 49 | |
| 6369156045 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition. | 50 | |
| 6369158408 | Commodore Matthew Perry | A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. | 51 | |
| 6369159746 | Meiji Restoration | In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure. | 52 | |
| 6369159747 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | 53 | |
| 6369161577 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 54 | |
| 6369161578 | Suez Canal | A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea... Egyptians with funding from France and later Britain created this major transportation project completed in 1869. | 55 | |
| 6369164230 | Victor Emmanuel II | King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy. | 56 | |
| 6369164231 | William I | Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck's anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates. | 57 | |
| 6369165553 | William II | Last German Emperor, eldest grandson of the British Queen Victoria. Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led in a matter of days to the First World War. An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands. | 58 | |
| 6369167732 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire | 59 | |
| 6369167733 | Franco-Prussian War | This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany). | 60 | |
| 6369169100 | Emancipation Edict | (1861) The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years. | 61 | |
| 6369169101 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. | 62 | |
| 6369170843 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | 63 | |
| 6369170844 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915...built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. | 64 | |
| 6369172855 | Spanish-American War | War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain. | 65 |
