---Check out our YOUTUBE CHANNEL for more help: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk-nPmzCoVv12ogaCGWb9tA--- All bold terms and important people from Chapter 1, New World Beginnings, in the American Pageant textbook by Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey.
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| 4842970119 | Canadian Shield | Zone of Northern America supported by massive rock outcropping. | 0 | |
| 4842970120 | Incas | Native American tribe in Peruvian Andes. | 1 | |
| 4842970121 | Aztecs | Native American tribe in present-day Mexico City, known for its human sacrifices. | 2 | |
| 4842970122 | nation-states | Civilizations with functioning governments and civil bureaucracies. | 3 | |
| 4842970123 | Cahokia | St. Louis settlement home to many Native Americans. | 4 | |
| 4842970124 | Three-Sister Farming | Practice of growing beans, corn, and squash together for maximum yield. | 5 | |
| 4842970125 | Middlemen | Muslim traders who raised prices on Asian goods. | 6 | |
| 4842970126 | Caravel | Innovative Portugese ship with triangular sails, allowing it to sail into the wind. | 7 | |
| 4842970127 | plantation | Large scale agricultural enterprise using slavery to grow commercial crops. | 8 | |
| 4842970128 | Columbian exchange | Transfer of diseases, crops, and livestock between the Old and New Worlds. | 9 | |
| 4842970129 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Agreement which gave Brazil and African territory to Portugal, but the rest of South America to Spain. | 10 | |
| 4842970130 | Conquistadores | Spanish military commanders/explorers. | 11 | |
| 4842970131 | Capitalism | Economic system characterized by private property and free trade. | 12 | |
| 4842970132 | Encomienda | Spanish system of legal slavery. | 13 | |
| 4842970133 | Noche Triste | Night during which the Aztecs attacked and drove Cortes and the Spanish away from Tenochtitlan. | 14 | |
| 4842970134 | Mestizos | Those who had Spanish and Native American descent. | 15 | |
| 4842970135 | Battle of Acoma | Clash between Spanish and Native Americans in which the Spanish severed the foot of every survivor. | 16 | |
| 4842970136 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo rebels destroy Churches and kill hundreds of Spaniards. | 17 | |
| 4842970137 | Black Legend | Myth that Spaniards brought nothing but slavery and genocide to the New World. | 18 | |
| 4842970138 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Leaders of Spain during the exploration of the New World. | 19 | |
| 4842970139 | Christopher Columbus | Spanish explorer who first reported the existence of the New World to the European powers. | 20 | |
| 4842970140 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish explorer of present day Kansas. | 21 | |
| 4842970141 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Incas. | 22 | |
| 4842970142 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish priest who tried to protect Native Americans. | 23 | |
| 4842970143 | Hernan Cortes | Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs. | 24 | |
| 4842970144 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | Aztec woman who translated for Cortes and eventually married him. | 25 | |
| 4842970145 | Moctezuma | Leader of the Aztecs during the war against Cortes. | 26 | |
| 4842970146 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | European discoverer of Canada. | 27 | |
| 4842970147 | Robert de La Salle | French explorer of the Mississippi River. | 28 | |
| 4842970148 | Father Junipero Serra | Leader of the effort to christianize Native Americans in California. | 29 | |
| 4842970149 | Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther's movement to reform the Catholic Church, thus eliminating indulgences and encouraging the translation of the Bible from Latin. | 30 | |
| 4842970150 | Roanoke Island | (1585) England's first attempt to colonize North America in South Carolina, headed by Sir Walter Raleigh. | 31 | |
| 4842970151 | Spanish Armada | (1588) The British defeat the Spanish fleet in the English Channel; the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire. | 32 | |
| 4842970152 | Primogeniture | Principle in which the oldest son inherits his family's property and land. | 33 | |
| 4842970153 | Joint-Stock Company | Coalition between multiple investors to fund a commercial endeavor. Used to fund English colonial ventures. | 34 | |
| 4842970154 | Charter | Legal document including rights to carry out a stated objective, such as founding a colony. | 35 | |
| 4842970155 | Jamestown | (1607) The first successful and permanent English colony in North America, funded by the Virginia Company. | 36 | |
| 4842970156 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | (1614) Series of battles in Virginia between English settlers and the Powhatan Confederacy. | 37 | |
| 4842970157 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | (1644) Last effort by the Indians to topple the Virginia settlements. | 38 | |
| 4842970158 | Act of Toleration | (1649) Guaranteed religious toleration for Christians, but declared the death penalty for those who rejected the divinity of Jesus Christ. | 39 | |
| 4842970159 | Barbados Slave Code | (1661) Allowed for harsh punishments to slaves, but lacked penalties for masters mistreating slaves. | 40 | |
| 4842970160 | Squatters | Farmers without legal rights to their land. | 41 | |
| 4842970161 | Tuscarora War | (1711) North Carolinians defeat the Indians and force them northward. | 42 | |
| 4842970162 | Yamasee Indians | (1715) South Carolinians defeat the Yamasee, the last powerful coastal Indian tribe in the South. | 43 | |
| 4842970163 | Buffer | A territory dividing two hostile powers to lessen the possibility of conflict (e.g. Georgia for Britain and Spain). | 44 | |
| 4842970164 | Iroquois Confederacy | Coalition between Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas in the Mohawk Valley. | 45 | |
| 4842970165 | King Henry VIII | Cut ties with the Catholic Church (Act of Supremacy) and thus began the Protestant Reformation. | 46 | |
| 4842970166 | Queen Elizabeth I | Queen under whom Protestantism became the dominant religion in England. | 47 | |
| 4842970167 | Sir Francis Drake | A "sea dog" who seized Spanish ships and raided Spanish settlements to promote Protestantism and plunder. | 48 | |
| 4842970168 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Leader of the mysterious Roanoke Island venture. | 49 | |
| 4842970169 | King James I | Approved the charter for the Virginia Company of London. | 50 | |
| 4842970170 | Captain John Smith | ("He who shall not work shall not eat") Took over leadership of Jamestown and saved the colony. | 51 | |
| 4842970171 | Powhatan | Indian chieftain who subjected Capt. Smith to a mock execution to demonstrate his power. | 52 | |
| 4842970172 | Pocahontas | Powhatan's daughter who became the intermediary between the settlers and Indians. | 53 | |
| 4842970173 | Lord De La Warr | Ordered the fleeing settlers to return to Jamestown and subsequently imposed a brutal military regime on the colony. | 54 | |
| 4842970174 | John Rolfe | Father of the tobacco industry who saved Virginia's economy and married Pocahontas in the first ever interracial union. | 55 | |
| 4842970175 | Lord Baltimore | Founded Maryland and initially allowed for freedom of worship. | 56 | |
| 4842970176 | Oliver Cromwell | Ruled England in a protectorate after Charles I was beheaded. | 57 | |
| 4842970177 | James Oglethorpe | One of Georgia's founders who was interested in prison reform and repelled Spanish attacks. | 58 | |
| 4842970178 | Hiawatha | Legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. | 59 | |
| 4842970179 | Calvinism | Dominant religion of New England Puritans that stressed predestination. | 60 | |
| 4842970180 | Predestination | Calvinist belief that certain people are destined to be saved (the "elect") and others damned. | 61 | |
| 4842970181 | Conversion | Religious experience in which God confirmed that an individual was part of the "elect." | 62 | |
| 4842970182 | Puritans | English Protestant reformers who endeavored to "purify" English Christianity. | 63 | |
| 4842970183 | Separatists | Radical Puritans who wanted to entirely break away from the Church of England. | 64 | |
| 4842970184 | Mayflower Compact | (1620) Agreement to form a government that would submit to the majority will. Also created the foundation for self-government in Plymouth. | 65 | |
| 4842970185 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | (1630) Founded by non-separatist Puritans and soon grew to be one of the most powerful New England colonies. | 66 | |
| 4842970186 | Great Migration | (1630-42) Migration of 70k English refugees to the colonies of North America. | 67 | |
| 4842970187 | Antinomianism | Anne Hutchinson's belief that the "elect" did not need to obey the law of God or man. | 68 | |
| 4842970188 | Fundamental Orders | (1639) The first modern constitution that established a democratic regime in Connecticut. | 69 | |
| 4842970189 | Pequot War | (1636-38) Series of battles between Pequot Indians and English settlers that ended with the slaughter of the Pequots. | 70 | |
| 4842970190 | King Philip's War | (1675-76) Series of attacks by Metacom (King Philip) on the New England settlements. Westward migration was subsequently slowed. | 71 | |
| 4842970191 | English Civil War | (1642-51) Clash between parliamentarians and royalists (monarchists) that resulted in the execution of Charles I and victory for parliamentarians. | 72 | |
| 4842970192 | Dominion of New England | (1686) Regime created by London to dominate the New England colonies and bolster colonial defense. | 73 | |
| 4842970193 | Navigation Laws | Laws passed by England that forced Americans to trade only with countries ruled by the English crown. | 74 | |
| 4842970194 | Glorious Revolution | (1688) The ousting of James II to instead crown William III and Mary, who increased parliament's power and limited monarchical authority. | 75 | |
| 4842970195 | Salutary Neglect | (1688-1763) England's policy of relaxed control on colonial trade, including weak enforcement of the Navigation Laws. | 76 | |
| 4842970196 | Patroonships | Estates along the Hudson river that were granted to promoters who promised to settle 50 people on them. | 77 | |
| 4842970197 | Blue Laws | Code of laws designed to regulate personal behavior with strict moral codes. Most remembered from Quaker Pennsylvania. | 78 | |
| 4842970198 | Martin Luther | Nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the Wittenberg cathedral and thus began the Protestant Reformation. | 79 | |
| 4842970199 | John Calvin | Religious leader who argued that humans were weak and wicked while God was all-knowing. Believed good works could not prevent damnation. | 80 | |
| 4842970200 | William Bradford | A prominent and successful governor of the Plymouth colony. | 81 | |
| 4842970201 | John Winthrop | The Bay Colony's first governor who promoted fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding, and famously proclaimed "We shall be as a city upon a hill." | 82 | |
| 4842970202 | Anne Hutchinson | Mother of antinomianism who was banished to Rhode Island. | 83 | |
| 4842970203 | Roger Williams | An extreme separatist who established Rhode Island and established complete freedom of religion. | 84 | |
| 4842970204 | Massasoit | Wampanoag chieftain who helped the pilgrims celebrate their first Thanksgiving. | 85 | |
| 4842970205 | Metacom / King Philip | Assaulted English settlements in the New England colonies and was eventually beheaded. | 86 | |
| 4842970206 | Charles II | English monarch who wanted to more aggressively manage the colonies. | 87 | |
| 4842970207 | Sir Edmund Andros | Led the Dominion of New England, decreased the power of town meetings, restricted the courts, and nullified all land claims. | 88 | |
| 4842970208 | William III and Mary II | Crowned as co-monarchs of England after the Glorious Revolution. | 89 | |
| 4842970209 | Henry Hudson | English explorer employed by the Dutch who sailed up the Hudson River. | 90 | |
| 4842970210 | Peter Stuyvesant | Led the successful Dutch military expedition against the Swedish colonies in North America. | 91 | |
| 4842970211 | Duke of York | Given control of the Dutch settlements along the Hudson River. New York was named after him when the Dutch were defeated. | 92 | |
| 4842970212 | William Penn | The "first American advertising man" who established Pennsylvania as a Quaker asylum. | 93 | |
| 4842970213 | Indentured Servants | Migrants who bought their transatlantic passage by binding themselves to a colonial master for 4 to 7 years. | 94 | |
| 4842970214 | Headright System | Permitted an individual to receive 50 acres of land if he paid for the passage of a laborer. | 95 | |
| 4842970215 | Bacon's Rebellion | (1676) Revolt of the farmers and indentured servants in Virginia that arose when Governor Berkeley refused to protect settlers from Indian attacks. | 96 | |
| 4842970216 | Royal African Company | Joint-stock company in England that monopolized the colonial slave trade until 1698. | 97 | |
| 4842970217 | Middle Passage | Brutal transatlantic voyage from Africa to the colonies endured by slaves. | 98 | |
| 4842970218 | New York Slave Revolt | (1712) Insurrection of around 24 slaves who killed 9 whites. | 99 | |
| 4842970219 | South Carolina Slave Revolt | (1739) Insurrection of about 50 blacks along the Stono R. with the goal of escaping to Spanish Florida. | 100 | |
| 4842970220 | Stono River | River along which the South Carolina slave revolt occurred. | 101 | |
| 4842970221 | Congregational Church | Self-governing, Puritan-run churches that lacked the hierarchy of the Anglican Church. | 102 | |
| 4842970222 | Jeremiad | Fiery sermons that lamented the decreasing piety of church-goers. | 103 | |
| 4842970223 | Half-Way Covenant | (1662) Allowed children of unconverted church members to be baptized. | 104 | |
| 4842970224 | Salem Witch Trials | (1692-93) Series of court trials that prosecuted "witches" after a group of girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched. | 105 | |
| 4842970225 | Leisler's Rebellion | (1689-91) Armed uprising of the merchants against the ruling aristocracy of New York. | 106 | |
| 4842970226 | William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia who refused to counterattack after several Indian assaults because of his friendly policies toward the Indians. Berkeley crushed Bacon's rebellion. | 107 | |
| 4842970227 | Nathaniel Bacon | Led his rebellious followers to murder many Indians, burn Jamestown, and chase Berkeley away. | 108 | |
| 4842970228 | Anthony Johnson | One of the first American slaves, he bought his freedom and later himself became a slaveholder. | 109 |
