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| 5627614979 | Gun Powder Empires | The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires | 0 | |
| 5641820676 | Vizer | high-ranking political advisor or minister | 1 | |
| 5859825228 | The Ottoman Empire | empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. | 2 | |
| 5859861243 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan from 1444 to 1446 and from 1451 to 1481. A great military leader, he captured Constantinople and conquered the territories in Anatolia and the Balkans that comprised the Ottoman Empire's heartland for the next four centuries. | 3 | |
| 5859890476 | Topkapi Palace | one of the major residences of the Ottoman sultans for almost 400 years (1465-1856) of their 624-year reign. | 4 | |
| 5859907266 | ghazi | (often as an honorific title) a Muslim fighter against non-Muslims. | 5 | |
| 5859920447 | Suleiman (I) the Magnificent | sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1520-66; also known as Suleiman the Magnificent or Suleiman the Lawgiver. The Ottoman Empire reached its fullest extent under his rule. | 6 | |
| 5859958478 | Battle of Lepanto | (October 7, 1571), naval engagement in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus. The battle marked the first significant victory for a Christian naval force over a Turkish fleet and the climax of the age of galley warfare in the Mediterranean. | 7 | |
| 5859978347 | The Safavid Empire | One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. | 8 | |
| 5859988249 | Ismail | Was Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. | 9 | |
| 5859999613 | Shah | a title of the former monarch of Iran. | 10 | |
| 5943941934 | Shah Abbas I (the Great) | was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. | 11 | |
| 5943947734 | zamindars | a landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers. | 12 | |
| 5943952354 | Janissaries | a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries. | 13 | |
| 5943954797 | Devshirme | was chiefly the practice whereby the Ottoman Empire sent military officers to take boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in order that they be raised to serve the state. This tax of sons was imposed only on the Christian subjects of the empire, in the villages of the Balkans and Anatolia. | 14 | |
| 5944028500 | The Mughal Empire | Was the force by which the Mughal emperors established their empire in the 15th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. | 15 | |
| 5944051262 | Akbar | Mogul emperor of India 1556-1605; known as Akbar the Great. Akbar expanded the Mogul empire to incorporate northern India. | 16 | |
| 5944114288 | Aurangzeb | Mogul emperor of Hindustan 1658-1707, who increased the Mogul empire to its greatest extent. | 17 | |
| 5944118801 | The Taj Mahal | represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Mughal architecture. Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire's rule of large parts of India. | 18 | |
| 5944124099 | Coffee houses | a cafe or other place where coffee is served, sometimes also offering informal entertainment. | 19 | |
| 5944126966 | Sikhism | a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. | 20 | |
| 5944141250 | Istanbul | a port in Turkey on the Bosporus that straddles Europe and Asia; pop. 10,757,300 (est. 2007). Formerly the Roman city of Constantinople 330-1453, it was built on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium. It was captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 and was the capital of Turkey from that time until 1923. | 21 | |
| 5944144052 | Isfahan | an industrial city in central Iran; pop. 1,602,110 (2006). It was the capital of Persia 1598-1722. | 22 | |
| 5944147296 | Ming Dynasty | Was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. | 23 | |
| 5944153175 | Qing Dynasty | Was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. | 24 | |
| 5944157140 | Beijing | The capital of China, in the northeastern part of the country. It became the country's capital in 1421, at the start of the Ming period. | 25 | |
| 5944168573 | Nanjing | a city in eastern China, on the Yangtze River, capital of Jiangsu province. | 26 | |
| 5944174058 | Forbidden City | an area of Beijing, China, that contains the former imperial palaces, to which entry was forbidden to all except the members of the imperial family and their servants. | 27 | |
| 5944176180 | Zheng He | was a Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. | 28 | |
| 5944180138 | Kangxi | was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 1722. | 29 | |
| 5944184069 | Emperor Qianlong | was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. | 30 | |
| 5944187706 | The Manchu's | an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. | 31 | |
| 5944193814 | Scholar-Bureaucrats | were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. | 32 | |
| 5944197516 | Eight Legged Essays | was a style of essay writing that had to be mastered to pass the imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties. | 33 | |
| 5944202174 | Filial Piety | In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. | 34 | |
| 5944205536 | Scholar Gentry Society | were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. | 35 | |
| 5944210432 | Mateo Ricci | was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. | 36 | |
| 5944218076 | Jesuits | a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. | 37 | |
| 5944220076 | Hongwu | was the founder and first emperor of China's Ming dynasty. In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes. | 38 | |
| 5944223987 | Tokugawa Shogunate | was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. | 39 | |
| 5944228980 | The Age of Reason | is a work written by English and American political activist Thomas Paine. It follows in the tradition of eighteenth-century British deism, and challenges institutionalized religion and the legitimacy of the Bible. | 40 | |
| 5944239446 | American Revolution | the war of 1775-83 in which the American colonists won independence from British rule. | 41 | |
| 5944244242 | French Revolution | the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy in France (1789-99). | 42 | |
| 5944246074 | King Louis XVI | was King of France from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, although his formal title after 1791 was King of the French. | 43 | |
| 5944251975 | Conservatism | the doctrines of the Conservative Party of Great Britain or a similar party elsewhere. | 44 | |
| 5944257968 | Deism | belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. | 45 | |
| 5944264081 | Romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. | 46 | |
| 5944268298 | Nationalism | patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. | 47 | |
| 5944272252 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and feminist. Her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) defied assumptions about male supremacy and championed educational equality for women. | 48 | |
| 5944274259 | Voltaire | French writer, playwright, and poet; pseudonym of François-Marie Arouet. A leading figure of the Enlightenment, he frequently came into conflict with the establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings. | 49 | |
| 5944276492 | The Estates | was the assembly of the representatives of the estates of the realm, the divisions of society in feudal times, called together for purposes of deliberation, legislation or taxation. | 50 | |
| 5944279995 | Tennis Court Oath | The deputies of the Third Estate, realizing that in any attempt at reform they would be outvoted by the two privileged orders, the clergy and the nobility, had formed, on June 17, a National Assembly. Finding themselves locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles on June 20 and thinking that the king was forcing them to disband, they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court (salle du jeu de paume). There they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France. | 51 | |
| 5944294601 | Maroons | a member of any of various communities in parts of the Caribbean who were originally descended from escaped slaves. In the 18th century Jamaican Maroons fought two wars against the British settlers, both of which ended with treaties affirming the independence of the Maroons. | 52 | |
| 5944300458 | Zionism | a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann. | 53 | |
| 5944304799 | John Locke | English philosopher; a founder of empiricism and political liberalism. | 54 | |
| 5944308668 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed that civilization warps the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the ill effects can be moderated by active participation in democratic consensual politics. | 55 | |
| 5944315814 | Declaration of Independence | is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. | 56 | |
| 5944320922 | US Constitution | is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. | 57 | |
| 5944324490 | Declaration of Rights of Man and citizen | is a French political document that preceded that country's first republican constitution. | 58 | |
| 5944326200 | Code of Napoleon | is the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. | 59 | |
| 5944329997 | Napoleon Bonaparte | emperor 1804-14 and 1815; full name Napoleon Bonaparte; known as Napoleon. In 1799, he joined a conspiracy that overthrew the Directory, becoming the supreme ruler of France. He declared himself emperor in 1804 and established an empire stretching from Spain to Poland. | 60 | |
| 5944334673 | King Louis XVI | was King of France from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, although his formal title after 1791 was King of the French. | 61 | |
| 5944337143 | Maximilien Robespierre | was a French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. | 62 | |
| 5944341553 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. | 63 | |
| 5944344452 | Miguel Hidalgo | was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence. | 64 | |
| 5944347632 | Benito Juarez | Mexican statesman; president 1861-64 and 1867-72. Between 1864 and 1867, he was replaced as emperor by Maximilian, who was supported by the French. | 65 | |
| 5944350773 | Jose de San Martin | was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire. | 66 | |
| 5944353676 | Simon Bolivar | was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. | 67 | |
| 5944356579 | Congress of Vienna | an international conference held 1814-15 to agree upon the settlement of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The guiding principle of the settlement was the restoration and strengthening of hereditary and sometimes despotic rulers. | 68 | |
| 5944360104 | La Reforma | La Reforma or Liberal Reform was initiated in Mexico following the ouster of conservative president Antonio López de Santa Anna by a group of liberals under the 1854 Plan de Ayutla. | 69 |
