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| 6706526494 | Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) | During World War II the pact stated that Germany and the Soviet Union would avoid conflict and divide Europe into spheres of influence. Historically, the pact was broken by Germany creating hostility between the two states. | 0 | |
| 6706526495 | Great Depression | In 1929, an economic depression and spread across the world as the U.S. stock market crashed and European countries struggled to rebuild their damaged postwar economies. This drastic slowdown in economic activity led to tremendous instability. Nations that were already struggling with establishing new political identities resulted in extreme forms of government emerging. | 1 | |
| 6706526496 | Adolf Hitler | Fascist dictator of nazi germany who rose to power between 1920 and 1930. His aggressive action led to start of ww2.this leader committed suicide prior to end the war. | 2 | |
| 6706526497 | Cultural Revolution | Known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, launched by Mao Zedong in China during 1966 to silence opposition against Mao's leadership. Common target of persecution was Chinese intellectuals, educators, and professionals. Helped increase instability in the nation and discourage China from advancing socially/economically. After Mao died in 1976, revolution ended and the next leader, Deng Xiapong, had more moderate policies to restore stability (Connection). | 3 | |
| 6706526498 | Russian Revolution (March 1917) | In February, Czar Nicholas II took the Russian throne and ended the 300 years of Romanov rule, mainly because of political, social, and economic problems. The problems were brought by Russia's involvement in WWI. The revolutionary council gained influence. The reforms extended human rights- freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and ethnics. However, they failed to address bread, peace, and land. | 4 | |
| 6706526499 | Origins of World War II | Viewed as a continuation of World War I, World War II included Japan, Italy, and Germany as aggressor nations. Japan and Italy violated the League of Nations, by Japan invading China in 1937 and Italy attacking Ethiopia. Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles by invading the Sudetenland. | 5 | |
| 6706526500 | Paris Peace Conference | In 1919, the Allied nations met in Paris to settle peace terms with the Central Powers, resulting in five treaties; most significant was the Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany. Wilson proposed his Fourteen points, and other Allied leaders, like David Lloyd George of Britain, sought to punish the losers, in particular Germany. This meeting resulted in the creation of the League of Nations, Austro-Hungarian empire was broken up, resulting in new nations like Poland, and the Ottoman empire was broken up. However the peace was unstable. | 6 | |
| 6706526501 | Russo-Japanese War | Japan and Russia fought over imperial rule and control of parts of Korea and Manchuria. With the victory of Japan over Russia, it marked the first time that an Eastern power won a victory over a western power. | 7 | |
| 6706526502 | V.I.Lenin | Lenin, a student of Marxism saw in revolutionary Russia the seeds of a communist revolution, pulled Russia out of World War 1, and started a series of land reforms. Also, he took control of the Bolshevik Party and instituted his policy of war communism as a result of the civil war. This is significant because war communism was a nationalization on a massive scale. | 8 | |
| 6706526503 | Treaty of Versailles | At the end of World War I, this peace settlement was negotiated by the Allies with Germany, made to ensure that Germany would never be a threat to the security of Europe. Terms of the treaty resulted in a loss of German territory, overseas colonies, reparations, and disarmament. Rather than creating lasting peace, this treaty set the stage for later conflicts (World War II). | 9 | |
| 6706526504 | Mao Zedong | "A nationalist leader in China, he successfully defeated the Kuomintang in a civil war in large measure because of the support of the peasants. | 10 | |
| 6706526505 | The Great Leap Forward | A five-year plan aimed at increasing industrial production and agricultural output; communes and production quotas were established . The Great leap forward failed, quotas were not met, products were poor quality, and little incentive existed to work hard; agricultural output actually declined. Next Mao aimed at renewing communist after the disaster of the Great leap. After Mao's death in 1976, a new, more moderate leader emerged." | 11 | |
| 6706526506 | Results of World War 1 | "Cities in Europe were destroyed and many were killed, injured, or homeless and the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were broken up. France and Great Britain emerged the victors and retained imperial control over their empires and there was a significant increase in nationalist feelings throughout the colonial world. Allies met in Paris and their plan included the Treaty of Versailles, negotiated between the Allies and Germany and the League of Nations was created to avoid future wars. And the concept of self- determination, believing that if nations had right to choose their own governments, peace would ensue which developed the mandate system. (By President Woodrow Wilson) Connection- Many nations were were dissatisfied which played a role in the rise of WW1" | 12 | |
| 6706526507 | Nationalist Movements | "A movement that resulted in governments becoming more patriotic, which took place in places like Turkey, Iran, India, and China. Nationalism rose after World War I because of the struggle for self determination and/or responding to European imperialism which was influenced by western ideas. " | 13 | |
| 6706526508 | Adolf Hitler at War | During WW2, the rest of Europe tried to appease Hitler by granting him land, but this strategy did not work and he invaded Czechoslovakia anyway; he eventually surrendered when the Allies marched into Germany. Historical Connection- Hitler's policy of ethnic cleansing caused the Holocaust and the murders of over 11 million people. | 14 | |
| 6706526509 | Mandate System | An article in the League of Nations that said colonies needed assistance as they prepared for self government and the more advanced nations would act as guides for the less experienced ones. It was influenced by self determination and was established in German colonies. It is significant because it gave colonies the learning they needed before they could govern themselves. | 15 | |
| 6706526510 | The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965 | It was a legislation that ensured all citizens of the United States had the right to vote. As a result, there was an immediate decrease in racial discrimination and African Americans began to move back to the south for the first time since Reconstruction. | 16 | |
| 6706526511 | Gamal Nasser | The second President of Egypt, who nationalized the Suez Canal, and became a nationalist leader in the revolution between the interaction of Egypt and Great Britain. | 17 | |
| 6706526512 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Introduced glasnost and perestroika and didn't enforce the Brezhnev Doctrine, allowing Eastern bloc nations to determine their own leaders during his rule of the Soviet Union (1985-1991) until he resigned after an unsuccessful coup d'état. | 18 | |
| 6706526513 | Apartheid | Segregation of non-whites in South Africa into subgroups by the Afrikaner National Party in 1948. Use to enforce the white control over South Africa and split into subgroups to avoid resistance. Eventually dissolved by international pressure and leaders like Nelson Mandela. | 19 | |
| 6706526514 | Truman Doctrine | "Economic and Military program to help nations (by providing aid) resist communism from the soviet union, in response to crisis in Greece and Turkey. Strategy spread and this technique was utilized in Asia as well." | 20 | |
| 6706526515 | Deng Xiaoping | 1976: Replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms. In an attempt to promote trade and contact with the West, Deng introduced reforms in 5 areas. Deng maintained order, decent leader, gave order to kill peaceful protesters in Tiananmen Square (1989). | 21 | |
| 6706526516 | Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor | Naval forces in the pacific, Japan attacked the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor Hawaii. | 22 | |
| 6706526517 | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression. This term is significant to history because it led to use of military forces and promoted cooperative security/ managed conflicts in Europe. | 23 | |
| 6706526518 | European Economic Community | This is a regional trade agreement comprised of France, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands that sign treaties in support of a common market and free trade. They are important because the treaties they sign dissolve tariffs and increase free trade. | 24 | |
| 6706526519 | Cuban Revolution | In 1959, Fidel Castro took control of Cuba, leading to nationalized industries and land reforms. This led to the U.S. imposing an embargo on Cuba and Castro formed an alliance with the Soviet Union. Cuba remained communist, but many changes were made during this time | 25 | |
| 6706526520 | Rape of Nanking | Japanese troops unleashed an attack on Nanking, murdering and raping thousands of soldiers and civilians, from being fueled by feelings of racial superiority, extreme nationalism and the fervor of war. | 26 | |
| 6706526521 | Augusto Pinochet | "The dictator of Chile in the late 1900s, who dealt harshly with opposition and made economic reforms such as global trade, foreign investment, and privatizing state-controlled industries. He took power after the end of the socialist government. Significance: the United States supported him and other dictators out of fear that Soviet Union would support the growing socialist movement. " | 27 | |
| 6706526522 | Ronald Reagan | A conservative leader who sought to reduce government taxes, spending, and regulation. President from 1980-1988 and developed Reaganomics, an economic theory which sought reduced taxes and a free market. His policies led to economic expansion and the beginning of a shift toward a greater encouragement of free markets. | 28 | |
| 6706526523 | Iron Curtain | The symbolic division of Europe after the end of World War II. The Iron Curtain symbolised the emerging Cold War and the competition between capitalism and communism. | 29 | |
| 6706526524 | Liberation Theology | It was a religious movement in Latin America that combined elements of Catholicism and socialism. This advocated using religious faith to improve conditions for the poor and oppressed. It then resulted in improvements in education and healthcare. After World War 1, people challenged old assumptions about human rights and new governments and politics emerged to find solutions to poverty. | 30 | |
| 6706526525 | Creation of Israel | "The Zionist movement called for the restoration of the Jewish national homeland in Palestine in the late 19th century. It divided Palestine (a British mandate) into an Arab state and a Jewish state. In 1948, Britain withdrew; fighting began and continues today. Historical Connection: The creation of Israel led to a displacement of those already settled there, leading to conflict." | 31 | |
| 6706526526 | Decolonization | "In the post-World War II world, mother countries couldn't maintain control over their colonies. Within the colonies there was mounting pressure from nationalist movements for home rule and decolonization ended imperial rule across the globe. Context: Post WWII and ended global imperial rule" | 32 | |
| 6706526527 | Feminism | The belief that men and women should be treated equally. (The movement emerged in the U.S. and Europe in the 1830s). | 33 | |
| 6706526528 | Vietnam War | The United States joined the conflict on the side of non-communist South Vietnam after the French were defeated. President Nixon was pressured to adopt the policy of Vietnamization which was the strategy of turning the war over to the South Vietnamese. The United States left the war in 1973 and North Vietnam eventually achieved their goal of unification in 1976. | 34 | |
| 6706526529 | Algerian Independence | Alegria located in North Africa was a french colony that fought and won its independence in 1962. This was a result of france struggling with maintaining control of its colonies after World War 2. It importance to history was the rise of a new nation that worked to modernize industry and education and saw that many Algerians chose to emigrate to france. | 35 | |
| 6706526530 | Military Industrial Complex | The Military Industrial Complex was used by President Eisenhower when he was warning the United States against military spending. It came form his worry that the efforts of lobbyists of armed forces would lead to Congressional spending. This word is now used to describe the relationships that exist among lawmakers, armed forces, and the arms industry. | 36 | |
| 6706526531 | United Nations | "An organization created at the end of World War II as an international coalition dedicated to maintaining world peace and security. It has representatives from the United States, China, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France. Today its focus is to provide humanitarian assistance around the world to areas in need." | 37 | |
| 6706526532 | India/Pakistan Partition | Disagreement between Ali Jinnah and Jawaharlal Nehru after the granting of India's independence from Britain after World War II. This led to conflict and violence between Hindus and Muslims, causing there to be an agreement to partition India into two states. The importance of this in history is that Hindus living in Muslim Pakistan and Muslims living in Hindu India were forced to migrate in order to avoid attacks. | 38 | |
| 6706526533 | U.S. Occupation of Japan | After U.S. have occupied Japan the new constitution was adopted in 1947, the Emperor also retained his title but he had no control over military or political power. The occupation has ended in 1952. Since Japan's resources had grew to an aggressive industrialization, Japan is now the world's economic superpower. | 39 | |
| 6706526534 | Iranian Revolution | Muhammad Reza Pahlavi tries to modernize and westernize Iran(1941), but, due to opposition from a quickly rising islamic fundamentalist party, is forced to flee the State. Ayatollah Khomeini, the head of the fundamentalists, declares Iran an Islamic Republic and overturns Pahlavi's reforms(1979). The Iranian Revolution is significant in that it saw the halt of Iranian modernization." | 40 | |
| 6706526535 | Mukden Incident (Manchurian Incident) | In the 1930's the Japanese blew up a railroad in china and used the incident as pretext to annex a portion of China. Japan was condemned b the international community and responded with isolation and aggressive military expansion policy. | 41 | |
| 6706526536 | Armenian Genocide | The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks. As the Ottomans attempted to reform society to keep the empire from collapsing, nationalism spread and the government began to distrust its citizens, of whom it had previously been tolerant of. In the 1890s, the Turks targeted Christian Armenians, believing they were no longer loyal. This genocide is evidence of a large state resorting to extreme violence as the solution to conflicts that arose among minorities under their control. | 42 | |
| 6706526537 | Technology of World War 1 | "With the use machine guns and heavy artillery, combatants no longer charged onto the battlefield because new fighting techniques were developed. Poison gas grenades were great fear of soldiers in the trenches and necessitated the invention of the gas mask. British used tanks to advance against German trenches instead of armored cars, planes were used for reconnaissance, and submarine warfare was the domain of the Germans, who used U-boats to destroy British naval ships. Connection: New tech was deadly which resulted in a lot of military deaths" | 43 | |
| 6706526538 | Fall of the Soviet Union | After invasion of Afghanistan failed, Gorbachev's reforms allowed people to speak out against the government leading up to the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), a failed opposition to solidarity movement in Poland, and the independence of Estonia, Latvia, LIthuania, and other Soviet republics. | 44 | |
| 6706526539 | Dropping of atomic bomb | Okinawa gave U.S bombers access to Japanese main lands. President Truman dropped the world's first atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. | 45 | |
| 6706526540 | Blitzkrieg ('Lightning War") | Germans invaded Poland unannounced, subduing enemies in the west within one month and weakening any resistance with their attack strategies. Air attack and land force approach was a success (technique first used in WWII, but has not been used since). | 46 | |
| 6706526541 | Margaret Thatcher | "Thatcher was the first female prime minister of the United Kingdom and promoted free markets and limited government regulations by cutting social welfare. She was the leader from 1975-1990. Significance: She and Ronald Reagan aligned themselves on most international issues during the Cold War. " | 47 | |
| 6706526542 | Nuclear Arms Race | The struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to claim political hegemony across the globe leading to an expensive arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This caused the signing of a treaty that limited the two nations weapon programs. | 48 | |
| 6706526543 | Zionism | "A nationalist movement in the late 1800s with the goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine; led mainly by Theodore Herzl. Jews began to settle in Palestine especially after World War 1 when Britain ruled the land and the British issued the Balfour Declaration, expressing support for a Jewish homeland. In may 1948, the state of Israel was proclaimed a Jewish state. Historical Connection: The creation of Israel led to the Arab-Israeli conflict, which continues to this day." | 49 | |
| 6706526544 | Indian Independence | "Leaders of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League worked with Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru to start communalism, which is an effort to get Indians to act and feel as one nation. Gandhi promoted peaceful protest to draw in public support from around the world. There were boycotts against british policies. India granted independence in 1947 (exp. of negotiated independence). Context: After WWII, overseas empires began to grow difficult to maintain. India became independent and Pakistan was created as an Islamic republic" | 50 | |
| 6706526545 | Islamic Fundamentalism | The movement to replace secular states with Islamic ones, which increased in popularity as an extremist movement in response to opposition to westernization reforms in Muslim countries in the Middle East. | 51 | |
| 6706526546 | Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan | Muslim-controlled Afghanistan maintained a position of nonalignment in the Cold War until 1978, after a pro-Soviet coup dragged the country into a civil war. The Soviet Union sided with the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan which used the Soviet military to gain control of the country. The battle lasted nine years where the United States, Iran, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan backed the Afghan mujahideen, with the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 the fighting continued until 1992. | 52 | |
| 6706526547 | Kwame Nkrumah | The first prime minister of Ghana after it gained its independence in 1957. educated in the united states he worked for the independence of the British Gold Coast. Helped found the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The historical importance was that he helped Ghana become the first African nation to gain independence. His organization was created to help remove the european colonies and replace them with african nations. | 53 |
