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| 4927429382 | Social Darwinism (when did it originate? what's the theory? who's a famous one?) | Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Herbert Spencer was a well-known one. | 0 | |
| 4927441551 | The encomienda system (When did it originate? When was it famously used again?) | A dependency relation system that started in Spain during the Roman Empire, where those with power protected the weakest in exchange for a service. It was later enacted during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. | 1 | |
| 4927445140 | Nepotism | Nepotism is favoritism granted to relatives. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to important positions by Catholic popes and bishops. | 2 | |
| 4927447499 | Manorialism | The name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. The economy relied mainly on agriculture. Manorialism describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land. A lord received a piece of land, usually from a higher nobleman, or from the king. | 3 | |
| 4927449606 | Utilitarianism | The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority. Jeremy Bentham founded it in the late 1700s, and John Stuart Mill was a famous one (both British). | 4 | |
| 4927460228 | Filial piety (What? Which philosophy belongs to?) | In Confucian philosophy, a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. | 5 | |
| 4927484627 | Niccolò Machiavelli (Who? What did he write? What is special about him) | (3 May 1469 - 21 June 1527) Florentine politician, historian and writer Wrote 'The Prince', a book of advice for rulers. He wrote: "Where it is an absolute question of the welfare of our country, we must admit of no considerations of justice or injustice, or mercy or cruelty, or praise or ignominy, but putting all else aside must adopt whatever course will save its existence and preserve its liberty." 'Machiavellian' is an adjective that means clever, sneaky and ruthless - it is used to describe effective political maneuvers that show a lack of conscience (e.g., I sign a treaty with my enemy and then immediately assassinate him.) | 6 | |
| 4984630709 | Simón Bolívar | (24 July 1783 - 17 December 1830) a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Panama as sovereign states. | 7 | |
| 4984643143 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Who? What is he credited for? What does his name mean?) | (19 May 1881 - 10 November 1938) a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament. | 8 | |
| 4984666119 | Taoism/Daoism (When? Where? What is the philosophy? How is it different from confucianism) | A religious, philosophical and ritual tradition of Chinese origin (4th century BCE) which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao/Dao (the natural order of the universe that can only be learned through experience). The Tao is a fundamental idea in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism; in the latter, however, it denotes the principle that is both the source and the pattern of development of everything that exists. Taoism differs specifically from Confucian traditions by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, which are fundamental in the latter. | 9 | |
| 4984685823 | Buddhism | A religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists. | 10 | |
| 4984693343 | Sikhism (When? Where? Sacred scripture? What are the 5 main ideas? Modern day numbers?) | A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of South Asia during the 15th century. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions, with 25-28 million adherents worldwide, Sikhism is the ninth-largest religion in the world. | 11 | |
| 4984695304 | The Rashidun Caliphate | The Islamic caliphate in the earliest period of Islam, comprising the first four caliphs—the "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun caliphs. It was founded after Muhammad's death in 632. At its height, the Caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, to the Caucasus in the north, North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east. Caliph Umar, the most powerful caliph, conquered more than 2,200,000 km² area in less than 10 years. | 12 | |
| 4984702289 | Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand | A French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995. He was the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the first figure from the left elected President under the Fifth Republic. | 13 | |
| 4984707065 | The Han dynasty | The second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC-220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. | 14 | |
| 5052375301 | Spanish American wars of Independence (Who was involved? When did it happen? What was the main cause? What was the outcome?) | Numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars. The conflicts among these colonies and with Spain eventually resulted in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico in the north. | 15 | |
| 5052380020 | The Meiji Restoration (What was it? What lead to it? What was the result of that?) | The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. These restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan. | 16 | |
| 5052383896 | Voortrekkers (Who are they? Where did they come from? What was their involvement in South Africa? Their impact in the natives in the area) | Trekboer pastoralists and Cape Dutch citizens from the Eastern frontier of the Cape Colony who during the 1830s and 1840s left the British controlled Cape. | 17 | |
| 5052404010 | Geoffrey Chaucer (Where and where did he live? What did he write? What impact his writing had?) | Geoffrey Chaucer (1343 - 25 October 1400), is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and astronomer, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. He is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. | 18 | |
| 5052405268 | Anababtists (Who?) | Anabaptists are Christians who believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ, as opposed to being baptized as an infant. | 19 | |
| 5052406183 | John Locke (Who? What were his believes?) | John Locke (29 August 1632 - 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. *add info on what exactly he belived in | 20 | |
| 5052422915 | Thomas Hobbes (Who? What were his believes?) | Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 - 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy. Though on rational grounds a champion of absolutism for the sovereign, Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order, the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid. | 21 | |
| 5052426297 | Peace of Alais (When did it happen? What did it mean?) | The Peace of Alais, the Edict of Grace, was a treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of France on 27 September 1629. It confirmed the basic principles of the Edict of Nantes, but differed in that it contained additional clauses, stating that the Huguenots no longer had political rights and further demanding they relinquish all cities and fortresses immediately. It ended the religious warring while granting the Huguenots amnesty and guaranteeing tolerance for the group. | 22 | |
| 5052427668 | Edict of Nantes (When did it happen? What did it mean?) | The Edict of Nantes, signed on 13 of April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. | 23 | |
| 5052437344 | Reformation in Poland (When it happened? Which groups were favorable?) | Around 1570, of the at least 700 Protestant congregations in Poland-Lithuania, over 420 were Calvinist and over 140 Lutheran, with the latter including 30-40 ethnically Polish. Protestants encompassed approximately ½ of the magnate class, ¼ of other nobility and townspeople, and 1/20 of the non-Orthodox peasantry. The bulk of the Polish-speaking population had remained Catholic, but the proportion of Catholics became significantly diminished within the upper social ranks. | 24 | |
| 5234639299 | The 30 years war (When did it happen? Where did it happen? Who fought in it? What were the results?) | The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.[16] It was the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties. Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry. Sweden, Denmark, United Provinces, France, Bohemia, Saxony, The Palatinate, Brandenburg-Prussia, Brunswick-Lüneburg, England, Scotland, Transylvania vs Austria, Bohemia, Spanish Empire, Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia, Denmark. Resulted in the peace of Westphalia. | 25 | |
| 5234644115 | Anglo-Spanish War (When did it happen? Why did it happen? Who fought in it? What were the results? Best known for?) | 1585-1604; Kingdom of England, United Provinces and Kingdom of France vs Spanish Empire, Portugal (under Philip of Spain) and Irish alliance; status quo; Battle of Gravelines, where the Spanish armada was defeated by British. *add why it happened | 26 | |
| 5234674302 | First Indian war of Independence (When did it happen? What were the results?) | First War of Indian Independence is a term predominantly used in India to describe the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The event challenged and ended the power and control of British East Indian Company in India to be replaced by nine decades of British colonial rule, known as the British Raj. | 27 | |
| 5234677488 | Shaka the Zulu (Who was he?) | (1787 - 22 September 1828) One of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom. | 28 | |
| 5234683919 | The second great awakening (What was it? When did happen? Where did it happen? | Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the super-natural. It rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment. | 29 | |
| 5234684668 | The Reconstruction period? (What was it? When did happen? Where did it happen?) | Transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, with the reconstruction of state and society. | 30 | |
| 5234689829 | Columbian exchange (What was it? When was it happening? Where was it happening?) | The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage. | 31 | |
| 5234692292 | Russian support of the Union | Russia under Catherine the Great significantly affected the American Revolution through trade and diplomacy. Catherine's decisions during the Revolution were to continue trade with the colonies, remain officially neutral, refuse Britain's requests for military assistance, and insist on peace talks. | 32 | |
| 5296697462 | The act for the Submission of the Clergy (What was it? When it happened? Where it happened?) | The Submission of the Clergy was a process by which the Church of England gave up their power to formulate church laws without the King's license and assent. It was passed in 1532. | 33 | |
| 5296700246 | Henry Hudson (Where and where did he live? Who was he? What about him?) | Henry Hudson (died in 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to China via a route above the Arctic Circle. Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia while in the employment of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the Hudson River, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. | 34 | |
| 5296701898 | Erasmus (Who was he? When and where he lived? What were his beliefs?) | Erasmus (28 October 1466 - 12 July 1536) was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing European religious Reformation, but while he was critical of the abuses within the Catholic Church and called for reform, he kept his distance from Luther and Melanchthon and continued to recognize the authority of the pope, emphasizing a middle way with a deep respect for traditional faith, piety and grace, rejecting Luther's emphasis on faith alone. Erasmus remained a member of the Roman Catholic Church all his life, remaining committed to reforming the Church and its clerics' abuses from within. | 35 | |
| 5296709188 | Elizabethan England - golden era in British history (Why?) | The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. This "golden age" represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music and literature. The era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home, the Protestant Reformation became more acceptable to the people, most certainly after the Spanish Armada was repulsed. It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. | 36 | |
| 5296710181 | James 1 (Who was he? When and where he lived? What was special about him?) | James VI and I (19 June 1566 - 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. | 37 | |
| 5296712949 | Lorenzo the Magnificent ((Who was he? When and where he lived? What was special about him?) | Lorenzo de' Medici (1 January 1449 - 9 April 1492) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists and poets. He is well known for his contribution to the art world by sponsoring artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. | 38 | |
| 5296714644 | The Directory (What was it? Where was it?) | The Directory was a five-member committee which governed France from November 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution. | 39 | |
| 5296738942 | Theodor Herzl (Who was he? When and where he lived? What about him?) | (May 2, 1860 - July 3, 1904) Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer. He was one of the fathers of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the World Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish migration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. | 40 | |
| 5296741872 | Petrarch (Who was he? When and where he lived? What is special about him?) | Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 - July 20, 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. Petrarch is often considered the founder of Humanism. The model for the modern Italian language was partly based on Petrarch's works.Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. | 41 | |
| 5296750717 | The Battle of Nagashino (When it happened? What was special about it? What consequences it had?) | Took place in 1575 near Nagashino Castle in Japan. Skillful use of firearms to defeat Takeda's cavalry tactics is often cited as a turning point in Japanese warfare. Many cite it as the first "modern" Japanese battle. | 42 | |
| 5296753054 | Dutch settlements in the North America (Where? When? What happened to them?) | In 1602, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company with the mission of exploring North America's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies. Along the way, Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces, which led to several significant expeditions and, over time, Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland. After some early trading expeditions, the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615: Fort Nassau. The island of Manhattan was purchased from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam, which grew to become the main port and capital, New Amsterdam. The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia, Brooklyn, Bronx, and Long Island. All was lost to British in 1664. | 43 | |
| 5296758576 | The Taiping Rebellion (Where and when it happened? What was it inspired by? What were the consequences of it?) | Massive rebellion (civil war) in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864, which was fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. Resulted in Qing victory. | 44 | |
| 5356448558 | Cardinal Mazarin (Who was he? When and where he lived? What he achieved?) | (14 July 1602 - 9 March 1661) Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister for Louis 14th from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. Following the end of the Thirty Years' War, Mazarin, as the de facto ruler of France, played a crucial role establishing the Westphalian principles that would guide European states' foreign policy and the prevailing world order. Some of these principles, such as the nation state sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs and the legal equality among states, remain the basis of international law to this day. | 45 | |
| 5356455276 | Camillo di Cavour (Who was he? When and where he lived? What he achieved?) | (August 10, 1810 - June 6, 1861) Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy. | 46 |
