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| 4008903476 | Popular Soverignty | Relocating sovereignty in the people, supported by enlightenment. | 0 | |
| 4008903477 | John Locke | Created a new theory of governing where citizens give consent to be governed but not if government infringes on natural rights (life, liberty, property). | 1 | |
| 4008903478 | Voltaire | Enlightened thinker who criticized Catholic church and French monarchy, resented persecution of religious minorities and the censorship of royal officials (printing press). | 2 | |
| 4008903479 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French-Swiss thinker, author of The Social Contract, argued that members of a society were collectively the ruler, all individuals should participate directly in government and creation of laws (political equality), in absence of government, majority rules. | 3 | |
| 4008903480 | Causes of the American Revolution | British colonies in America, increased taxation on colonies following seven years war, boycotts lead to protest, continental congress meets (leads to Declaration of Independence). | 4 | |
| 4008903481 | Continental Congress | A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation. | 5 | |
| 4008903482 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 6 | |
| 4008903483 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. | 7 | |
| 4008903484 | Causes of the French Revolution | Financial problems in France (war debts, no taxes getting paid), representatives wanted reform. King Louis XVI is forced to call the estates general. | 8 | |
| 4008903485 | 1789 | June 3rd: Third estate secedes after demanding a written constitution, renamed "National Assembly" July 14th: Mob attacks Bastille August: Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen | 9 | |
| 4008903486 | National Assembly | A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. | 10 | |
| 4008903487 | Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens. | 11 | |
| 4008903488 | French Revolution | 1792: National Assembly becomes National Convention (eliminates French monarchy, now a republic) 1793-1794: "Reign of Terror" 1795-1799: The Directory replaces the Jacobisns | 12 | |
| 4008903489 | Reign of Terror | Time period where radical Jacobsins dominate the Convention under Maximilien Robespierre. They imprison 300,000 and execute 40,000 for "disloyalty to the government". King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were also executed. | 13 | |
| 4008903490 | The Directory | A group of 5 conservative land owners that take over French republic after Robespierre is executed in July 1794. They pass a new constitution in 1795 but fail to solve original problems, eventually leading to the next revolution. | 14 | |
| 4008903491 | Napoleon I Bonaparte | A brilliant military leader who became a general in the royal army at the age of 24. He supported the French Revolution and defended the Directory. His invasion of Egypt was defeated by the British army, so afterwards he overthrew the Directory and named himself consul for life. Napoleonic France brought stability after years of Chaos. he made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and Pope, extended freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews. Napoleon also wrote a civil law code of 1804 which allowed for political and legal equality for all adult men (supported basic enlightenment ideals), but he still had absolute rule and restricted individual freedom. After proclaiming himself emperor in 1804, Napoleon dominated the European continent, including Iberia, Italy and the Netherlands before going on to defeat Austria and Prussia. He attempted to invade Russia but the Grand Army was destroyed. | 15 | |
| 4008903492 | French Haiti | Rich Caribbean colony with sugar, coffee and cotton. Almost 1/3 of France's foreign income came from Haiti. Haiti was a mixed society of 40,000 white French settlers, 30,000 gen de couleur (free people of color) and 500,000 black slaves of African descent. | 16 | |
| 4008903493 | Haitian Revolution | Only successful slave revolt, led by Toussaint L'Overture, and ex-slave. 1789: White settlers demand self-rule with no equality for free people of color 1791: slaves revolt- French, British and Spanish forces attempt to intervene 1802: L'Overture arrested by Napoleon's forces, died in jail 1804: French troops driven out, Haiti declares independence as a constitutional republic. | 17 | |
| 4008903494 | Latin American Society | Conflicts between the two privileged classes (30,000 penninsulares, 3.5 million creoles), 10 million others (slaves, mestizos, etc). 1807: Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal weakens royal authority in colonies. | 18 | |
| 4008903495 | Mexican War for Independence | Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt (Hidalgo captured and executed but rebellion continues). 1821: Creole general Augustin de Hurbide (1783-1824) declares independence and installs himself as emperor 1823: Augustin de Hurbide deposed, republic established | 19 | |
| 4008903496 | Simon Bollivar (1783-1830) | led independence movement in South America, influenced by George Washington and enlightenment leaders, forms alliances with many creole leaders | 20 | |
| 4008903497 | Latin American Independence | 1825: Spanish rule destroyed in South America 1830s: Gran Columbia formed but did not las | 21 | |
| 4008903498 | Gran Columbia | Bolivar's plan to unite Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Columbia. They united in 1822 but broke part in 1830 because of geography (mountains separated them). | 22 | |
| 4008903499 | Brazilian Independence | 1807: Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janerio 1821: King's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence 1822-1834: Reigned as Emperor Pedro I Little change happened, creole elites still held power in society | 23 | |
| 4008903500 | Conservatism | Disapproved of rapid revolutionary change, favored slow evolution of society | 24 | |
| 4008903501 | Edmund Burke | (1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny | 25 | |
| 4008903502 | Liberalism | Welcomed change as an agent of progress, championed freedom, equality, democracy, written constituions | 26 | |
| 4008903503 | John Stuart Mill | Championed individual freedom and minority rights | 27 | |
| 4008903504 | End of the Slave Trade | Campaign to end slavery begins in 18th C., gains momentum after American French and Haitian Revolutions, slavery abolished as an instituion, starting in Mexico in 1839, Britian in 1833, US in 1863, | 28 | |
| 4008903505 | William Wiberforce (1759-1833) | Philanthropist, succeeds in having parliament outlaw salve trade in 1807 | 29 | |
| 4008903506 | Women in Revolutions | Enlightenment thinkers remain conservative regarding women's rights, women in all phases of French Revolution yet hold few official positions of authority, revolution grants equality in education, property, legalized divorce yet women not allowed to ote, major task of 19th C. | 30 | |
| 4008903507 | Mary Wollstonecraft | British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." | 31 | |
| 4008903508 | Olympe de Gouges | A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas. | 32 | |
| 4008903509 | Cultural Nationalism | Shared language, customs, values, historical experience, sometimes religion | 33 | |
| 4008903510 | Political Nationalism | Want political independece of "nation" from other authorities | 34 | |
| 4008903511 | Zionism | Founded by Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), who observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that enlightenment and revolution could not solve human ill, worked to create refuge for Jews by re-establishing Jewish state in Palestine 1897: Convened 1st world Zionist Congress | 35 | |
| 4008903512 | Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) | Conservative leaders determined to restore old order after defeat of Napoleon, succeeded in maintaining balance of power in Europe for a century | 36 | |
| 4008903513 | Unification of Italy and Germany | Italy and German formerly disunited groups of regional kingdoms, city states and papal states (nationalism drives idea of unification) Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi unify italy under King Vittor Emmanuel II Germany: Otto Von Bismacrk unifies Germany through tactical war 1871: King Wilhelm I named emperor | 37 | |
| 4008903514 | Energy | Coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal force | 38 | |
| 4008903515 | Organization | Factories over cottage industries | 39 | |
| 4008903516 | Cost of the Industrial Revolution | Genesis of environmental catastrophe (unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards), social ills (landless proletariat, migrating work force) | 40 | |
| 4008903517 | British Advantages | Natural resources (coal, iron) , ease of transportation (small country, river and canal system) , exports to imperial class | 41 | |
| 4008903518 | New Technology | Cotton production technology included flying shuttle, the "mule", the power loom and the spinning jenny. Steam power technology included James Watt's steam engine, which allowed for more efficient iron and steel technology | 42 | |
| 4008903519 | What drove new inventions? | High demand for cheap cotton | 43 | |
| 4008903520 | Transportation | Trains and automobiles replace animals and watercraft. Railroads were the first steam-powered locomotive, steamships used, dense transportation networks developed, rapid and inexpensive transportation encourged industrialziation | 44 | |
| 4008903521 | The Factory System | Rising prices cause factories to replace both guilds and putting out system. The machines were too large and expensive for homes and large building could house specialized laborers. Urbanization also guarantees supply of cheap unskilled labor. | 45 | |
| 4008903522 | Working Conditions | Dramatic shift from rural work 6 days a week, 14 hours a day, immediate supervision and punishments, cause Luddite protests | 46 | |
| 4008903523 | Luddite Protest | 1811 and 1816: Luddites struck against mills and destroy machines 1813: 14 Luddites hung, movement died | 47 | |
| 4008903524 | Spread of Industrialization | Western Europe: Spread to Germany, Belgium, and France, French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for industrialization. Abolish internal trade barrier, dismantle guilds, and after 1871, Bismarck sponsors rapid industrialization in Germany North America: began in 1820s in new England, 1870s: heavy iron and steel industries, 1900: US is an economic powerhouse, industrialization spilling over to Canada, railroad construction stimulates industry` | 48 | |
| 4008903525 | Mass production | Mass production becoming hallmark of industrial societies, Cotton Gin allows for interchangeable parts, Henry Ford develops assembly line in 1913 | 49 | |
| 4008903526 | Big Business | Corporations were formed to share and risk maximize profits for large factories. Monopolies trusts and cartels allowed large corporations to form blocks to drive out competition and keep prices high. Governments often slow to control monopolies | 50 | |
| 4008903527 | Industrial Demographics | Technological Innovation allowed for improved agricultural tools. Cheap manufactured goods, especially textiles, created. | 51 | |
| 4008903528 | The Demographic Transition | Industrialization results in marked decline of both fertility and mortality due to better diets, improved, disease control, small pox vaccine (1797) and declining fertility | 52 | |
| 4008903529 | Urbanization | Urbanization increases: Britain- 20% in towns/cities in 1800, 75% by 1900, cities become overcrowded, unsanitary 19th-20th C.: Rapid population growth drives Europeans to americas- 50 million cross atlantic, Britain to avoid urban surplus, Irish to avoid potato famines, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution, us is favored destination. | 53 | |
| 4008903530 | New Social Classes | Economic factors result in decline of slavery, emerging non-aristocratic upper and middle class- capitalist influence, urban professionals, factory workers. | 54 | |
| 4008903531 | Women at Home and Work | Agriculture and cotage industry work involved women but development of men as prime breadwinners, women in private sphere, working cheap labor. Working-class women expected to work until marriage, related to child labor lack of daycare facilities | 55 | |
| 4008903532 | Double Border | Women expected to to maintain home as well as working industry | 56 | |
| 4008903533 | Child Labor | Children are easily exploited and abused. 1840s: British Parliament began to pass child labor laws Moral concerns remove children from workforce and produce a need for educated workforce | 57 | |
| 4008903534 | The Socialist Challege | Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier and Robert Owen, opposed competition of market system, attempted to create small model communities | 58 | |
| 4008903535 | Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels | Two classes: capitalists- control produce and proletariat- laborers. Exploitative nature of capitalist system, religion: "Opaire of the Masses", argued for an overthrow of capitalists in a favor of "dictatorship of the proletariat" | 59 | |
| 4008903536 | Social Reform | Socialism had major impose on 19th C reformers, addressed medical, unemployment comp, retirement benefits, trade unions for collective bargaining, strikes to address worker conditions. | 60 | |
| 4008903537 | Global Effects | Global division of labor, rural societies that produce raw materials, urban societies that produce manufactured goods, uneven economic development, developing export dependencies of Latin America sub-Saharan Africa, south Africa, south Asia and Southeast Asia, low wages small domestic markets | 61 |
