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| 3859563444 | Genetics Gene Chromosome Genome Genomics Genotype Phenotype | 1._______ study of heredity patterns -mechanisms of hereditary transmission & inherited characteristic variation among similar or related organisms 2.______ segment of DNA encoding a protein product 3.______ DNA containing structure carrying hereditary information (carry genes) 4._____ all genetic information contained in a cell 5.____ molecular study of genomes -sequencing/analysis of an organism's DNA 6._____ entire set of genes in an organism 7._____ observable traits of contained genes | 0 | |
| 3859569523 | circular DNA, looped/folded (supercoiled), 10 | Bacteria express a single _________ molecule -chromosome is ____________ -attached to one or several plasma membrane areas -makes up ~____% of cell's volume -not continuous | 1 | |
| 3859572775 | short tandem repeats | Bacterial DNA and chromosomes contain ____________, noncoding regions used to fingerprint bacteria (also found in human DNA) | 2 | |
| 3867172753 | Vertical gene transfer | transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring | 3 | |
| 3867176435 | Horizontal gene transfer | Non reproductive methods of gene transfer *allows for acquisition of new traits that are unique from those which are inherited | 4 | |
| 3867187307 | eukaryotic mechanism, semiconservative replication, bidirectionally | Prokaryote DNA replication is very similar to ____________. *similar enzymes-polymerase, ligase, gyrate, helices, etc. *similar processes-____________, unwinding at replication fork, base pair addition -Ecoli DNA replication occurs __________. Closed loop of DNA means that replication forks will meet, replication ends | 5 | |
| 3867232173 | Mutation, Mutagen, Carcinogens, Spontaneous mutations | ________-a permanent alteration in DNA sequence *effect may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful *High rate of bacterial replication increases frequency of genetic mutations ________-agent that causes mutations *ionizing radiation, UV radiation, chemicals *_________-category of mutagens causing cancer in animals and humans ________-occur in absence of a mutagen | 6 | |
| 3867264537 | Ionizing radiation, UV radiation, Chemicals | Mutagens: _________-causes ion formation that reacts with nucleotides and deoxyribose-phosphate backbone _______-causes adjacent thymine dimers _________-nitrous acid causes an altered adenine nucleotide that combines with cytosine (A-C) | 7 | |
| 3867317714 | Base substitution, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation | Types of Mutation __________-change in single base __________-base substitution results in change in amino acid _________-base substitution results in a nonsense codon ________-insertion OR deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs | 8 | |
| 3867355753 | Mutation rate, spontaneous mutation rate | ______-probability of gene mutation during cell division *typically rare event *stated as a negative number (10 to the negative 6th) ________-occurs 1 in 10^6 (10 to the negative 6th) replicated genes *mutagens increase mutation rate | 9 | |
| 3867387632 | Phenotypic differences, mutation rates | _____-allow mutant selection *usually hard to detect because of low _________. *increasing bacterial numbers makes process more efficient | 10 | |
| 3867412536 | Positive (direct) selection, Negative (indirect) selection, replica plating technique | Mutant selection: _________-detects mutant cells because they grow OR appear different than wild type *eliminates unmated parent cells (wild type) _________-detects mutant cells because they cannot grow _________-transfers isolated colony to mutant selective medium *look for area without growth, go back to original plate position to locate | 11 | |
| 3881465728 | Genetic Recombination, donor | __________ involves use of horizontal gene transfer mechanisms to exchange bacterial DNA *host cell acquires foreign DNA from a ________ cell. *produces new gene combinations but not by a mutational event *more likely to be a beneficial trait | 12 | |
| 3881495950 | Transformation, transduction, bacteriophage, conjugation, plasmid, sex pilli or mating bridge | Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: ________-process by which foreign (naked) DNA is introduced into a cell ________-indirect DNA transfer between bacteria via a __________. _________-direct DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another *transferred DNA=________-an extrachromosomal circle of DNA distinct from bacterial chromosome *requires ______ or ________. | 13 | |
| 3881548352 | Plasmids, virulence factor genes | Self replicating fragments of extrachromosomal DNA in circular form *mainly in bacteria but also found in some yeasts *transfers ___________. | 14 | |
| 3881568682 | Conjugative plasmid, dissimilation plasmids, R factors | Types of Plasmids __________-carries genes for sex pili and plasmid transfer __________-encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds _________-encode antibiotic resistance | 15 | |
| 3881592515 | Transposable elements, intrachromosomal DNA | _________ are able to move from one place to another in a cell's genome *also called "jumping genes" insertion sequences *unlike plasmids, they are ______________, but may become associated with a plasmid by jumping from chromosomal DNA to plasmid DNA *increases or decreases amount of DNA *may carry other genes with it when it moves like antibiotic resistance | 16 | |
| 3881616287 | Recombinant DNA technology | _________ use knowledge of bacterial plasmids to "trick" E. coli into producing non prokaryotic peptides | 17 | |
| 3881625688 | Evolution, natural selection | END OF CHAPTER 8 _________-study of organism adaptation over time Fittest organisms for a particular environment are chosen by _______________. Examples: Nutrient source changes, temperature changes, pH changes.......organism adapts of dies *mutations and recombination events result in a variety of adaptable organisms | 18 | |
| 3883813777 | Taxonomy, universal names, identifying | Hierarchical (ordered) system for classifying and identifying organisms Provides: *___________ for organisms *a reference for _________ organisms | 19 | |
| 3883841072 | Phylogeny, lines of descent | Classification scheme based on evolutionary history of an organism *focuses on _________ and relationships among broad group of organisms -takes into account both similarities and differences *constantly changing due to advances in DNA/RNA analysis | 20 | |
| 3883867858 | G+C ratios | _______ represent percentage of nitrogenous bases on a DNA molecule that are either guanine or cytosine | 21 | |
| 3883874462 | Phylogenetics | Study of evolutionary relatedness among organism groups using primarily molecular techniques *based on premise that species retain some characteristics of its ancestor | 22 | |
| 3883887797 | Three domain system, bacteria, archaea | _____ observed that ribosomes where different in three cell types and was introduced in 1977 *analysis determined two prokaryote types: _________ and ________ and one eukaryote type *also showed that all organisms are evolutionary related to ancient cells and the DNA is highly conserved between groups | 23 | |
| 3883913975 | languages and geography, worldwide | Scientific Nomenclature Common names can vary with ____________________. Binomial nomenclature is used ____________. | 24 | |
| 3883925493 | Species, subspecies, clone, strain | Prokaryote classification terms: ________-population of cells with similar characteristics ________-subordinate rank to species ________-population of cells derived from a single cell _________-genetically different cells within a clone (minor variations) | 25 | |
| 3883947767 | Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia, eukaryotic species, clades | Name the four Kingdoms: _________ (unicellular), _________ (multicellular), ________ (multicellular), _____________ (multicellular). _____-group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves (interbreed) _____-genetically related biologic taxa (species) with a common ancestor | 26 | |
| 3884370707 | Domain, Host range, Viral species | Virus classification: Not part of any ____________. -not acellular - must replicate in a suitable host Exhibit a specific ____________. *bacterial vs fungal viruses *plant vs. animal viruses *human flu vs canine flu ________-population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche | 27 | |
| 3884380293 | classification | ________ places organisms in groups of related species using characteristics of known organisms *taxonomic grouping is more academic and organism ID is more practical | 28 | |
| 3884398399 | Identification | ________-process matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms *determines patient treatment regimen | 29 | |
| 3884412130 | Identification algorithms | _________ are developed and used to reduce time to identify | 30 | |
| 3884421321 | Morphological characteristics, differential staining, biochemical testing | Identification methods: 1.____-study of an organism's form (structure)....not its physiology 2.____-use of two or more stains in separating microbes (gram stain, acid fast stain) 3.____-determines presence or absence of bacterial enzymes (substrate utilization) **requires pure isolates | 31 | |
| 3884438014 | Differential medium, serology, presumptive biochemical tests | Common ID techniques: 1.______-used to ID unknown colonies based on biochemical reactions 2.______-uses a know antiserum plus unknown bacterium 3.______-preliminary tests useful in determining a likely ID (catalase, oxidase) | 32 | |
| 3884461001 | Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, RNA/DNA analysis, fatty acid analysis | END OF CHAPTER 10 Precise ID techniques: 1._____(ELISA)-microbial antigen is "trapped" between two antibodies 2._____-cells are selectively stained with antibody that is "tagged" with a fluorescent dye 3._____-G+C ratios, DNA fingerprinting, rRNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction 4._____-useful for anaerobe IDs | 33 | |
| 3912863433 | Archaea, Bacteria | Prokaryotes two domains: _________ and _________ | 34 | |
| 3912937271 | Archaea, muralists, commensals, extremophiles | _________-No known archaea pathogens, often _______ or __________. *exhibit conventional bacterial morphology *have DIFFERENT cell wall components than prokaryotes Most are __________. halophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, methanogens | 35 | |
| 3913033455 | Proteobacteria, low | GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria 2nd largest group of bacteria, grow under very ______ nutrient requirements *contains more human pathogens than any other group *divided into alpha through epsilon proteobacteria | 36 | |
| 3913132611 | alphaproteobacteria | Gram negative bacteria Rickettsia-arthropod born disease, spotted fever Ehrlichia-tick borne disease Bartonella Brucella-brucellosis | 37 | |
| 3913175110 | Betaproteobacteria | Gram negative bacteria *These use substrates from decomposing organic matter (H2, ammonia, methane) *Spirullum minus-spirillary rat bite fever *Burkholderia *Bordetella *Neisseria | 38 | |
| 3913210589 | Gammaproteobacteria | Gram negative bacteria *Varied group of bacteria, largest subgroup, medically significant *Franciscella-coocobacillus *Pseudomonadaceae -opportunistic pathogens -P. aeruginosa (very drug resistant) *Moraxella *Acinotobacter *Legionellaceae | 39 | |
| 3913262491 | Gammaproteobacteria | *Vibrionacea *Enterobacteriaceae-facultative anaerobes -Escherichia -Salmonella -Shigella -Klebsiella *Serratia *Proteus *Yersinia *Erwinia *Enterobacter *Pasteurellaceae -Pasteurella -Haemophilus | 40 | |
| 3913325394 | Deltaproteobacteria | Gram Negative Bacteria *no known human pathogens | 41 | |
| 3913332209 | Episilonproteobacteria | Gram Negative Bacteria *Campylobacter *Helicobacter | 42 | |
| 3913409424 | Cyanobacteria | Gram negative bacteria Not major human pathogens but produces toxins that may irritate eye, ear and skin of swimmers -can also cause gastrointestinal symptoms if ingested | 43 | |
| 3913419783 | Chlorobi, Chloroflexi | Gram Negative bacteria __________ and _________ Not human pathogens | 44 | |
| 3913430539 | Chlamydiae | Gram Negative bacteria *obligate intracellular pathogens without cell wall peptidoglycan -does not require an insect vector but requires human to human transmission *C. trachomatis -diseases range from eye infections to pelvic inflammatory disease *C. pneumonia-atypical pneumonia *C. psittaci-severe atypical pneumonia | 45 | |
| 3913475421 | Plantomycetes | Gram negative bacteria _______-aquatic bacteria, no human pathogens | 46 | |
| 3913481668 | Bacteroidaceae | Gram Negative bacteria _________-anaerobic bacteria, common in GI tract -Bacteroides | 47 | |
| 3913489796 | Prevotellaceae | Gram Negative bacteria _______-anaerobic bacteria, oral/vaginal flora -Prevotella | 48 | |
| 3913516188 | Fusobacteriaceae | Gram Negative bacteria ______-anaerobic spindle shaped bacteria, oral flora -F. Nucleatum | 49 | |
| 3913523626 | Spirochaetes | Gram negative bacteria _______(class)-loose or tightly coiled microbes *Treponema *Borrelia *Leptospira | 50 | |
| 3913554200 | Firmicutes | Gram positive bacteria ________(Phylum)-low G+C gram positive bacteria *Clostridiales(order) -Clostridium-obligate anaerobes, endospore formers) -Epulopiscium-not human pathogen, huge bacterium *Bacillales(order)-both rods and cocci -Bacillus -Staphylococcu | 51 | |
| 3913586734 | Lactobacillales | Gram Positive Bacteria _________(order)-aerotolerant, lactic acid producer -lactobacillus -streptococcus -enterococcus -listeria | 52 | |
| 3913622993 | Actinobacteria | Gram positive bacteria __________-high G+C gram positive bacteria *Mycobacterium-unusual group with both fungal and bacterial properties, acid fast bacilli *Corynebacterium-club shaped, pleomorphic rods, skin *Propionibacterium-anaerobic counterpart of Corynebacterium, skin location, produces propionic acid *Gardnerella-female genital tract *Streptomyces-yellow to brown sulfer granules in wounds *Actinomyces-oral anaerobes, abscesses with draining sinuses, suffer granules *Nocardia-show filaments to fragmented short rods, often acid fast | 53 | |
| 3913683909 | Mycoplasmatales, mycoplasma, ureaplasma | END OF CHAPTER 11 Unusual bacteria __________(order)-small and lack cell walls, pleomorphic shapes and survives without O2 *________ unaffected by penicillin *_________ urease positive | 54 | |
| 3933997771 | Fungi | Greater than 100,000 species but only 200 know human and animal pathogens -Incidence of fungal infection is on the rise because of an increase in Immunocompromised patients | 55 | |
| 3934013091 | decomposers | Important _______ via extracellular enzymes released into surrounding area -Breaks down organic matter, assimilates (absorbs) nutrients, water and minerals | 56 | |
| 3934019893 | Mycology | Study of fungi, genetic/biochemical properties, taxonomy and uses -correct ID=correct treatment | 57 | |
| 3934035545 | mold, 25, hyphae, mycelium | multicellular, filamentous form of fungi, plant-like, but LACK chlorophyll *grows at _____ degrees celsius *consists of long, branching filamentous structures called _______. *__________-vegetative part of a fungus near periphery | 58 | |
| 3934065189 | yeasts | Unicellular, non filamentous fungi *grow at ______ degrees celsius *single circular or oval cells *may exhibit pseudohyphae | 59 | |
| 3934093987 | Dimorphism | a fungus that can exist as either a mold form or as a yeast *pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeast like at 37 degrees celsius and mold like at 25 degrees celsius | 60 | |
| 3936504924 | Molds fungal structure: Exhibit two types of hypha: 1._______-visible septums (partitions) between adjacent cells 2.________-no septa, continuous hyphae | 61 | ||
| 3936523340 | vegetative, aerial | Hyphae can be either: 1._________-portion of mycelium close to nutrients 2._______-portion projecting upward away from vegetative form -contains reproductive structures (spores) -supported by vegetative form | 62 | |
| 3936543969 | pseudohyphae | Yeasts have no hyphae but can express _________ which are short/long buds extending away from the body | 63 | |
| 3936552674 | Conidiospores, sporangiospores, gamete | Molds divide by asexual or sexual division 1. Asexual: (two kinds) *_______-asexual nonmotile spores associated with conidia found at end of a conidiophore *_________-spores found inside a sporangium, being supported by a sporangiophore 2. Sexual-two different but related positive and negative strains fuse to produce a ________. | 64 | |
| 3936586170 | budding | yeasts divide by a type of binary fission called __________. | 65 | |
| 3937988376 | Zygomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota | Medically important fungi: _______-bread mold ____-unicellular, spore forming, lack mitochondria _______-Sac fungi, largest fungal phylum, produce ascospores contained within an ascus _________-club fungi, produce basidiospores | 66 | |
| 3938011484 | systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic | Fungal diseases (mycoses) _______-fungal infections involving one or more organ systems ________-fungal infections occurring beneath the skin ______-fungal infections affecting hair, skin and nails _______-fungal infections localized in particular elements _______-fungal infections caused by normally nonpathogenic or environmental fungi | 67 | |
| 3938013152 | Diatoms | algae with distinctive transparent silicon dioxide cell walls with a small amount of water -amnesic shellfish poisoning | 68 | |
| 3938016938 | Dinoflagellates | unicellular algae, marine microbes with cellulose in plasma membrane -Marine animal symbionts, some produce ________: -ciguatera poisoning -paralytic shellfish poisoning -neurotoxic shellfish poisoning | 69 | |
| 3938025611 | Protozoa | complex group of single celled microorganisms -display animal like behaviors -some are human parasites | 70 | |
| 3938029618 | trophozoite | The vegetative form of a protozoa is a _________ -some form protective cysts under unfavorable conditions -most are aerobic heterotrophs *intestinal ameba can live in an anaerobic environment | 71 | |
| 3938034302 | fission, budding, ciliates | Protozoa reproduction: Asexual-_________, _________ and schizogony Sexual-conjugation seen in ________ | 72 | |
| 3940752132 | Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoa, amebae, Apicomplexa | Medically important Protozoa: _______-2 haploid nuclei, pairs of flagella, no mitochondria _______-4-6 flagella, no mitochondria, undulating membranes ______-undulating membrane, flagellum, kinetoplast ______-form pseudopodia _____-sporozoan group without flagella, cilia or pseudopods, complicated life cycles | 73 | |
| 3940789046 | dinoflagellates, ciliates | _______-moved to algae on DNA basis ______-hair like cilia (general shorter and more numerous than flagella), micronucleus and macronucleus | 74 | |
| 3940804509 | sporozoites, mosquito host, human host | Sporozoan Life Cycle: Plasmodium (Malaria) Humans become infected with ______ in mosquito saliva introduced during a blood feed Life cycles: ___________-sexual reproduction producing gametes in the gut that become infective sporozoites __________-asexual reproduction or schizogony produces merozoites | 75 | |
| 3940828472 | oocyst | Sporozoan life cycle: Cyclospora Humans become infected with Cyclospora by consuming _________ contaminated food or water | 76 | |
| 3940841788 | food borne, animal to human, mother to child, rare-organ transplant | Sporozoan life cycle: Toxoplasma Humans become infected by Toxoplasma by one of several transmission routes: 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ | 77 | |
| 3940869024 | helminths | -all are parasitic worms -large multicellular organisms -adults are often visible to the naked eye -larva are microscopic -complex life cycles -several infection sites *intestine *blood vessels *liver *lung *bladder | 78 | |
| 3940904721 | Animalia, flatworms, nematodes, roundworms | Helminths Kingdom:_________ Phylum________ Class: trematodes or flukes Class: cestodes or tapeworms Phylum:________ or ______ *most numerous multicellular animals on earth, many are free living soil dwelling forms (a handful of soil contains thousands) *may have been free living organisms at one time | 79 | |
| 3940918824 | digestive system, nervous system, locomotion, reproduction | Helminths characteristics: *reduced or no _________-absorb nutrients from host food, blood, tissues *reduced _______-host environment is mostly constant *reduced ___________-passively transferred to host *complex ___________-produce very large numbers of ova -most of the tapeworms body is devoted to egg production | 80 | |
| 3941000320 | Helminths sexes: ____________(hermaphroditic-both male and female reproductive organs are present in a single worm *capable of self fertilization ___________-separate male and female worms Stages: Egg (ovum)-->larvae-->adult Diagnosis-usually by recovery of ova from clinical samples | 81 | ||
| 3941016555 | Helminths: Flukes Complex life cycle involving several hosts: ________-source of infection (infected animal) ______-temporary host supporting immature or no reproductive forms _______-supports adult or reproductive form ________-parasite cannot complete life cycle | 82 | ||
| 3941025226 | cercaria, miridia, metacercaria | ________-larval form of parasite ________-infects intermediate host (free swimming) ______-infects man *matures to adult fluke to produce ova | 83 | |
| 3941031480 | Trematodes | Human infective species: Fasciolopsis busk-giant intestinal fluke Paragonimus westermani-oriental lung fluke Clonorchis sinensis-chinese or oriental liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-southeast asian liver fluke Heterophyes heterophyes-minute intestinal fluke Metagonimus yokogawai-smalled intestinal fluke | 84 | |
| 3941051554 | Schistosomiasis, swimmers itch | a disease caused by diagenetic blood trematodes called Schistosoma Cercariae can directly penetrate skin causing cercarial dermatitis or ______ | 85 | |
| 3941073185 | cestodes-tapeworms, scolex, proglottid | -Adult worms live primarily in intestines -flattened ribbon like bodies -________-head -________-segments -hermaphroditic -survive for years -size ranges from 3mm to 10 m in size | 86 | |
| 3941076877 | intermediate, definitive, accidental | life cycle of tapeworms: _______ host- mammals/insects _______ or ______ host-man | 87 | |
| 3941085124 | oncosphere, cysticercus | Forms of tapeworms: _______-infective larval form of ingested by an intermediate host animal ________-larval fluid filled sac forms seen in humans | 88 | |
| 3941100623 | Helminths: cestodes (tapeworms) infection caused by taenia species human infective species: pork tapeworm, beef tapeworm, fish or broad tapeworm, hydatid cyst, dog tapeworm, dwarf tapeworm | 89 | ||
| 3941113853 | nematodes-roundworms | cylindrical adult worms tapered at each end -mostly dioecious -males generally smaller than females -larvae are infective form *some directly penetrate broke skin *some migrate through tissue before ending up in intestines -adults are found in intestines, blood and tissue | 90 | |
| 3941137044 | vectors | insects carrying and transmitting an infectious pathogen | 91 | |
| 3941141756 | malaria, chagas disease, spotted fevers, plaque | Human disease carried by insect vectors: Mosquitos: ______, viral encephalitis Triatoma-_______ Sand fly: leishmaniasis Ticks-rickettsial pox, _________ Fleas:________, endemic typhus, relapsing fever Deer fly: tularemia, filariasis Tse Tse fly: trypanomiasis (sleeping sickness) | 92 | |
| 3941159420 | southern tick associated rash illness | END OF CHAPTER 12 -rash may sometimes be accompanied by fatigue, headache, fever, muscle pains -treated with and oral antibiotic -NOT lyme's disease | 93 | |
| 3949550363 | Viruses | __________ cannot be removed from solutions by bacterial filters -This was the first clue that where was a smaller infectious agent than bacteria | 94 | |
| 3949553640 | Iwanowski, sawyer | Classic studies: ________-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) filtration experiment in 1892 ________-yellow fever virus identified in 1928, vaccine developed in 1931 | 95 | |
| 3949558222 | viroids | Modern technologies allow even greater discoveries, including infective sub viral forms called _________. | 96 | |
| 3949561178 | obligate intracellular parasites, protein coat, protein machinery | All viruses are ____________. Distinguishing characteristics from most bacteria: *Contain either RNA or DNA (never both) *Express an outer ________ *Totally dependent upon host cell ___________ -no ribosomes no ATP generating mechanism -Hijacks part of host cell's protein synthesis to produce new virus particles | 97 | |
| 3949583110 | Host range | Variety of cell types that can be infected by a particular virus -some infect only one host type (bacteriophages only infect bacteria) -others can infect multiple hosts (humans and pigs-swine flu) | 98 | |
| 3949601322 | 20=1000, bacteria | Viral size: -ranges from __________nm in length -most are smaller than _________ -larger viruses are near mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia | 99 | |
| 3949604277 | Virion | a single, complete (infective) virus particle nucleic acid core -protein coat Nucleic acid core: *DNA or RNA (never both) *single stranded or double stranded *linear or circular | 100 | |
| 3949615782 | capsid, capsomeres | Protein coat of a Virion -___________-protein coat (shell) of a virus particle -___________-sububit PRO structures making up capsid *may be composed of a single or multiple proteins *demonstrated by electron microscopy *site of antibody recognition | 101 | |
| 3949618491 | envelope, spikes, nonenveloped | Vision Protein coat cont: _________-outer capsid covering composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates ________-glycoprotein structures extending away from the envelope surface -highly conserved, may be used in viral identification _________-viruses lacking an outer coating | 102 | |
| 3949633961 | hemagglutinin, neuraminadase | Influenza viral surface antigens: ___________-binds to sialic acid on host plasma membranes of upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes ___________-enzymatically cleaves plasma membrane silica acid for viral release from host cell *both are used to identify different influenza strains | 103 | |
| 3949643029 | Virions | _______ can be classified by capsid morphology (capsomere arrangement) | 104 | |
| 3949649924 | helical, polyhedral, enveloped, complex | Viral Morphologies: _________-capsomeres are arranged in helical, rod shaped structure _________-many sided structure, most are icosahedrons with about 20 faces _________-mostly spherical but can also be helical or icosahedral ________-various shapes, some do not contain capsids | 105 | |
| 3966064504 | nucleic acid analysis, protein structures, -viridae, -virus | Modern day Taxonomy is based upon _________ and ___________. Family names end in ___________ Genus names end in __________ | 106 | |
| 3966076478 | viral species | group of viruses sharing similar genetic information and host *common names are used for species (herpesvirus) *subspecies are designated by a number (subspecies 2) | 107 | |
| 3966102276 | cultivated, bacteriophages | Viruses must be _________ in living cells, and cannot be grown on artificial media (bacteria CAN) *a suitable bacterial host on medium will support growth of infective ___________ | 108 | |
| 3966114608 | plaques | clear areas where bacteria have been killed by exiting new bacteriophages. *develop on a "bacterial lawn" present on solid medium | 109 | |
| 3966149349 | animals, embryonated eggs, cell cultures | Animal viruses may be grown in ______________, _____________ or ________ Animals-suitable hosts are infected so that immune system response can be studied embryonate eggs-chicken eggs are routinely used to produce influenza, swine flu vaccines cell cultures-permissible mammalian cell lines are infected with virions | 110 | |
| 3966158704 | mammalian cells, cytopathic effect | Vaccine production cell based technique: -use __________ -cells are incubated a few days for viruses to replicate *successful viral replication is indicated by presence of visible _________ in host cells -virus containing fluid is collected from cells -viral antigen is purified (do not use whole virions) | 111 | |
| 3966161953 | serological tests, nucleic acids | Several methods are used to ID a particular virus -culture cytopathic effects -___________-diagnostic identification of specific viral antibodies in patient serum -____________ analysis *restriction fragment length polymorphism *polymerase chain reaction | 112 | |
| 3966248868 | host cells, viral blueprint | enzymes coded for by viral nucleic acid are produced by _________ -are directed by ________ -also provide protein making machinery -ribosomes -tRNA -ATP -most infected cells die as a result of viral infection | 113 | |
| 3966272994 | one step growth curve | graphic depiction of viral multiplication in a single infective cycle 1. bacteria are mixed with phage and incubated for a short time 2. mixture is collected and diluted to reduce number of bacteria available for phage adsorption 3. samples are removed at specified intervals and plated to quantitate phage numbers | 114 | |
| 3966290179 | eclipse period | period of time between infection by a virus and appearance of mature virus within cell | 115 | |
| 3966295213 | T even bacteriophages | large complex, non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedron head and helical tail -carries enough genetic material to produce 100 genes -infects bacterium E. coli -two infective cycles 1._______-ends with host cell death 2.________-host cell remains alive (post infection) | 116 | |
| 3966330405 | Lytic cycle, attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release | ________ produces new visions then lyses cells Phases: 1. _______-phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell 2. _______-phage lysozyme opens cells wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell 3. _________-production of phage DNA and proteins 4. _________-assembly of phage particles 5. ________-phage lysozyme breaks cell wall | 117 | |
| 3966380411 | lysogenic cycle, prophage, excision | occurs when lambda phage nucleic acid is integrated into host cell -viral DNA or RNA enters cell and incorporates itself into host DNA as a new set of genes=________ (can also exist as an extrachromosomal plasmid) -Each time host cell DNA chromosome replicates so does prophage -transcription is normally repressed *but exposure to UV can lead to _______ where new visions are produced -may be followed by a lytic cycle | 118 | |
| 3966438743 | reinfection, phage conversion, transduction | Importance of lysogeny: 1. infected cells are immune to _______ 2. infected cell may exhibit new properties, process is called ________ 3. infected cell undergoes _________, here bacterial genes picked up by virus are transferred to a new host (a transduce galactose-negative cell can now utilize galactose and becomes galactose positive) | 119 | |
| 3966454792 | animal viruses, entry | multiplication of ____________ follows similar pattern of bacteriophage multiplication but exhibits some basic differences 1. mechanism of ____ 2. vision synthesis/assembly 3. maturation/release mechanisms | 120 | |
| 3966459721 | animal viruses | host cell protein synthesis is stopped in multiplication of _________ *early viral proteins may: -inhibit transcription -block existing host cell RNA -disrupt translation | 121 | |
| 3966468700 | attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, release | Multiplication of animal viruses Process: 1. ________-viruses attach to host cell membrane 2. ________-cell entry occurs by endocytosis or fusion 3. _______-removal of viral nucleic acid from protein coat 4. _______-production of viral nucleic acid and proteins 5. ________-nuclei acid/capsid proteins assemble 6. ________-virion exit by budding, exocytosis or lysis | 122 | |
| 3966971233 | Early viral genes, transcriptase | DNA animal viruses transcription results in required enzymes for viral DNA multiplication *carried out by host cell _________, a polymerase that catalyzing formation of RNA from a DNA template Viral DNA is replicated in host nucleus | 123 | |
| 3966987058 | Late viral genes | DNA animal viruses transcription results in capsid protein production in nucleus or cytoplasm DNA viruses: adenovirus, poxvirus, human herpes virus (1-8), papova virus, hepadnavirus | 124 | |
| 3967022619 | host cell cytoplasm, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, | RNA animal viruses are similar to DNA viruses but RNA viruses multiply in ___________ (not nucleus) -produces a __________, an enzyme that catalyzes replication of RNA from an RNA template -makes a complementary viral RNA strand RNA animal viruses: picornavirus, togovirus, rhabdovirus, reovirus | 125 | |
| 3967092312 | single stranded RNA | RNA Animal viruses _________ viruses display either a positive or negative "sense" ________ sense RNA-acts directly as a mRNA template to produce new viral RNA and capsid proteins _______ sense RNA-must first be converted to a positive form by RNA polymerase | 126 | |
| 3967119926 | retroviruses | RNA viruses that use DNA single stranded positive sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate ex: HIV, HTLV | 127 | |
| 3967124016 | reverse transcriptase, provirus | RNA viruses that use DNA a unique viral coded enzyme that allows viral RNA to be used as a template to code dsDNA viral DNA then integrates into host cell DNA creating a _________ that does not leave cell nucleus outcomes: main remain latent, produce new visions, transform cell into a tumor cell | 128 | |
| 3967151006 | transformation, proto-oncogene | virus mediated change of normal cells into cancer cells by activating proto-oncogene-->oncogene ________-a normal host cell gene that has potential to cause cancer if altered | 129 | |
| 3967163039 | tumor specific transplant antigens | surface antigens of virus transformed tumor cells -stimulates immune system response to virally infected cells | 130 | |
| 3967176473 | DNA | Oncogenic viruses: adenoviridae herpesviridae poxviridae papovaviridae hepadnaviridae | 131 | |
| 3967176474 | RNA | Oncogenic viruses: Retroviridae (HIV) HTLV-1 HTLV-2 | 132 | |
| 3967184054 | acute viral infections | usually last days to week -influenza, measles | 133 | |
| 3967186371 | Latent viral infections | virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods until reactivated -cold sores, shingles | 134 | |
| 3967202207 | persistent viral infection | lasts months to years and are often fatal -hepatitis virus, subacute sclerosing, panencephalitis | 135 | |
| 3967219992 | prions | infective protein particles causing fatal brain disease -inherited/transmitted by ingestion, transplant, and improperly cleaned surgical instruments -spongiform encephalopathies: *sheep scrapie, creutfeldt-Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy | 136 | |
| 3967249747 | Virions | short strands of circular, single stranded RNA without protein coats -most plant pathogens | 137 |
