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| 6416149958 | Abbasid caliphate | Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads. (pron. ah-BASS-id) |  | 0 |
| 6416157665 | Al-Andalus | Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C.E. (pron. al-AND-ah-loos) |  | 1 |
| 6416160383 | al-Ghazali: | Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought. (pron. al-gha-ZAHL-ee) |  | 2 |
| 6416167255 | Anatolia: | Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and that now is the Republic of Turkey. (pron. an-ah-TOLE-ee-yah) |  | 3 |
| 6416172512 | hijra: | The "flight" of Muhammad and his original seventy followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 C.E.; the journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar. (pron. HIJ-ruh) |  | 4 |
| 6416179193 | House of Wisdom | An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. |  | 5 |
| 6416182971 | Ibn Battuta | Fourteenth-century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world. (pron. IB-uhn ba- TOO-tuh) |  | 6 |
| 6416186906 | Ibn Sina: | One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna," the Latinized form of his name. (pron. ibn SEE-nah) |  | 7 |
| 6416191311 | jizya | Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion. (pron. jeez-YAH) |  | 8 |
| 6416194980 | madrassas | Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century. (pron. MAH- dras-ahs) |  | 9 |
| 6416198125 | Mansa Musa: | Muslim King of Mali (ca. 1280-ca. 1337) who famously undertook a pilgrimage from his West African homeland to the holy city of Mecca (pron. MAN-sa MOO-sa). Pillars of Islam: The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible). |  | 10 |
| 6416235587 | Quran | Also transliterated as Qur'án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad. (pron. kuh- RAHN) |  | 11 |
| 6416237350 | sharia | Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life. (pron. sha-REE-ah) |  | 12 |
| 6416242358 | Sikhism | A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru Nanak (1469- 1539). (pron. SEEK-ism) |  | 13 |
| 6416245243 | Timbuktu: | Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. (pron. tim-buk-TOO) |  | 14 |
| 6416248813 | ulama | Islamic religious scholars. (pron. oo-leh-MAH) |  | 15 |
| 6416252180 | Umayyad caliphate: | Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 C.E. (pron. oo-MY-ad) |  | 16 |
| 6416255444 | umma: | The community of all believers in Islam. (pron. UM-mah) |  | 17 |
