Terms : Hide Images
| 4143368813 | cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 0 | |
| 4143371007 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 1 | |
| 4143372253 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) | 2 | |
| 4143376843 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics | 3 | |
| 4143380710 | heuristics | simple thinking strategies that often allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms | 4 | |
| 4143385429 | insight | a sudden and often new realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions | 5 | |
| 4143387277 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | 6 | |
| 4143388481 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving | 7 | |
| 4143390261 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 8 | |
| 4143391789 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | 9 | |
| 4143398588 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | 10 | |
| 4143403074 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common | 11 | |
| 4143405454 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | 12 | |
| 4143409099 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | 13 | |
| 4143411347 | belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seems valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | 14 | |
| 4143413740 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 15 | |
| 4143416996 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 16 | |
| 4143418327 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 17 | |
| 4143419485 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix) | 18 | |
| 4143420927 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 19 | |
| 4143424151 | semantics | the set of rules by which we prices meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | 20 | |
| 4143425990 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 21 | |
| 4143428090 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 22 | |
| 4143428091 | one word stage | the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 23 | |
| 4143428092 | two word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements | 24 | |
| 4143429654 | telegraphic stage | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words | 25 | |
| 4143429655 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 26 | |
| 4360668108 | Noam Chomsky | This linguist believed that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language. He created the concept of "universal grammar", and he pointed out how children overgeneralize language rules and the concepts of *surface vs. deep* structures in language. | 27 |
