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AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

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7314520666empiricismthe view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation0
7314520667structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind1
7314520668functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish2
7314520669experimental psychologythe study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method3
7314520670behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)4
7314520671humanistic psychologyhistorically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth5
7314520672psychologythe science of behavior and mental processes6
7314520673nature-nurture issuethe longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture7
7314520674natural selectionthe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations8
7314520676biopsychosocial approachan integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis9
7314520677biological psychologya branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes10
7314520678evolutionary psychologythe study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection11
7314520679psychoanalysis/psychodynamica branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders12
7314520680behavioral psychologythe scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning13
7314520681cognitive psychologythe scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin14
7314520682social-cultural psychologythe study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking15
7314520683psychometricsthe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits16
7314520684basic researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base17
7314520685developmental psychologythe scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span18
7314520686educational psychologythe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning19
7314520687personality psychologythe study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting20
7314520688social psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another21
7314520689applied researchscientific study that aims to solve practical problems22
7314520690industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologythe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces23
7314520691human factors psychologythe study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments24
7314520692counseling psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being25
7314520693clinical psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders26
7314520694psychiatrya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy27
7314520695Charles DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)28
7314520696Dorothea DixA reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.29
7314520697Sigmund FreudAustrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).30
7314520698G. Stanley Hallamerican psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association31
7314520699William Jamesfounder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment32
7314520700Abraham Maslowhumanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence33
7314520701Ivan PavlovRussian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)34
7314520702Jean PiagetFour stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation35
7314520703Carl Rogers1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person36
7314520704B. F. Skinnerbehaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons37
7314520705Margaret Floyd WashburnWas the first female PhD in psychology38
7314520706John B. Watsonbehaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat39
7314520707Wilhelm Wundtgerman physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 187940
7314520708Introspectiona method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings41

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