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| 8426438984 | Axial age | Term often used to describe the pivotal period of the 1st millennium BCE when radical thinkers across the "second-generation societies" of connected Eurasia-including the Greek philosophers of the Mediterranean, Zoroaster in Southwest Asia, Buddha in South Asia, and Confucius and Master Lao in East Asia-offered dramatically new ideas that challenged their times. | 0 | |
| 8426438985 | Buddha | (Siddhartha Gautama; 563-483 BCE) Indian ascetic who founded Buddhism. | 1 | |
| 8426438986 | Chavin | A people who lived in what is now northern Peru from 1400 to 200 BCE. They were united more by culture and faith than by a unified political system. | 2 | |
| 8426440129 | Confucius | Influential teacher, thinker, and leader in China who developed a set of principles for ethical living. He believed that coercive laws and punishment would not be needed to maintain order in society if men following his ethics ruled. He taught his philosophy to anyone who was intelligent and willing to work, which allowed men to gain entry into the ruling through education. | 3 | |
| 8426440130 | Daoism | School of thought developed at the end of the Warring States period that focused on the importance of following the Dao, or the natural way of the cosmos. It emphasized the need to accept the world as it was rather than trying to change it through politics or the government. Unlike Confucianism,this scorned rigid rituals and social hierarchies. | 4 | |
| 8426442026 | Greek philosophers | "Wisdom lovers" of the ancient Greek city-states, including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others, who pondered such issues such as self-knowlegde, political engagement and withdrawal, and the order of the world. | 5 | |
| 8426442027 | Jainism | Along with Buddhism, one of the two systems of thought developed in the seventh century BCE that set themselves up against Brahmanism. Its founder, Vardhamana Mahavira, taught that the universe obeys its own everlasting rules that no god or other supernatural being could affect. The purpose of life was to purify one's soul in order to attain a state of permanent bliss, which could be accomplished through self-denial and the avoidance of harming other creatures. | 6 | |
| 8426442946 | Meroe | Ancient kingdom in what is today Sudan. It flourished for nearly a thousand years, from the fifth century BCE to the fifth century CE. | 7 | |
| 8426445278 | Olmecs | A people who emerged around 1500 BCE and lived in Mesoamerica. The name means those who "lived in the land of the rubber." This society was composed of decentralized villages. Its members spoke the same language and worshipped the same gods. | 8 | |
| 8426450186 | Second-generation societies | Societies that expanded old ideas and methods by incorporating new aspects of culture and grafting them onto, or using them in combination with, established norms. | 9 |
