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| 5846659143 | Akkad | Sargon of _____ began taking over Mesopotamian city-states in 2200BC to form the worlds first empire. |  | 0 |
| 5846659144 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo- Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. |  | 1 |
| 7730443438 | Babylonian Empire | Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites |  | 2 |
| 7730464703 | Bronze Age | a period of human culture at the later part of the Neolithic Age, between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by advancements in metallurgy in the use of weapons and implements made of bronze |  | 3 |
| 7730501231 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E. |  | 4 |
| 7730508472 | Celts | Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles. | 5 | |
| 7730516805 | chariots | AKA War Chariots. A strong military unit of the ancient time, combining pastoralist technologies of horseback riding and wheels. The Assyrians were the first to master its use in warfare. |  | 6 |
| 7730528783 | city-state | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. |  | 7 |
| 7730543732 | cuneiform | The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians . The name derives from the wedge shaped marks, made with a stylus into soft clay, which represented words or syllables. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE. |  | 8 |
| 7730593380 | Druids | The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. |  | 9 |
| 7730614268 | Empire | Starting in approximately 2500 BC, the Akkadians invaded the Sumerians and created what is probably the first empire, which is when societies are in some way taken over and dominated by a central authority. | 10 | |
| 7730624034 | Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. |  | 11 |
| 7730635998 | Fertile Crescent | The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile. | 12 | |
| 7730652995 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis. |  | 13 |
| 7730674924 | Hammurabi's Code | A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Relied on the principle of lex talionis. |  | 14 |
| 7730695576 | Hebrews | Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism, practiced by Jews. This ethnic group claims descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob).Their scripture is collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. The Talmud is the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law,ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. Formed the Jewish state of Israel on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora. |  | 15 |
| 7730721142 | Hebrew Scripture (Bible) | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 7730766765 | Iron weapons | _________ were the strongest and most advanced weapon material of the ancient times, introduced by pastoral people. |  | 17 |
| 7730775555 | irrigation | With the invention of this technique, lands were able to be farmed that previously could not have been |  | 18 |
| 7730786702 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age by toppling the Bablylonian Empire. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces and iron metallurgy, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria. |  | 19 |
| 7730834374 | horseback riding | This skill allowed ancient people in Mesopotamia to move faster and have better armies, another trait introduced by pastoralists. | 20 | |
| 7730840088 | horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. |  | 21 |
| 7731245336 | Indo-European Migrations | In about the 1500s BCE these people were migrating tribes from present-day southeast Russia. Some traveled to Europe, some to Persia, and some to India. Thus, today many people in Europe, Persia, and India share some common linguistic, cultural, and biological roots. |  | 22 |
| 7731264607 | Iron metallurgy | Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper |  | 23 |
| 7731298191 | Mediterranean Sea | This body of Water separates Europe and Africa |  | 24 |
| 7731310145 | Mesopotamia | Means the "land between the rivers". It is a region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. |  | 25 |
| 7731327260 | Persian Gulf | This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia |  | 26 |
| 7731335160 | Philistines | Also known as the "sea peoples", and originating from the Aegean Sea. The Philistines pre-date the Phoenicians, and the Philistine's language is where the word "palestine" originated and meant a geographic region (like mesoamerica), not a country nor city-state. Term was applied erroneously by a Roman General to Israel during a Jewish uprising. | 27 | |
| 7731341161 | Phoenicians | A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks. These were Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. |  | 28 |
| 7731371434 | pictograms | A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept. Used by many non-alphabetic written scripts. | 29 | |
| 7731440123 | Sargon of Akkad | (2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia. |  | 30 |
| 7731455528 | Semitic | Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic. |  | 31 |
| 7731462125 | Solomon's Temple | A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. |  | 32 |
| 7731473859 | Sumer | The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years. |  | 33 |
| 7731483882 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. They were the first culture in the world to develop cities. |  | 34 |
| 7731503935 | Talmud | The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. |  | 35 |
| 7731513189 | Tanakh | a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon. |  | 36 |
