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| 4834541430 | phenotype | physical traits and characteristics noticeable between child and parent. |  | 0 |
| 4834545750 | genotype | complex blend of genetic info that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics | | 1 |
| 4834550355 | nucleus | center and control center of cell. Contains chromosomes |  | 2 |
| 4834551089 | chromosomes | Store and transmit genetic info. 23 matching pairs |  | 3 |
| 4834581946 | DNA deoxyribonucleic acid. | Chromosomes made up of this chemical substance. |  | 4 |
| 4834586443 | base | rungs of the DNA ladder that code for genetic instructions |  | 5 |
| 4834586444 | gene | a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome |  | 6 |
| 4840452399 | protein-coding genes | 21,000 of them. Directly affect our body's characteristics. Send instructions for making rich proteins to the cytoplasm |  | 7 |
| 4840457100 | cytoplasm | Receives instructions for protein making from protein-coding genes. Area surrounding nucleus |  | 8 |
| 4840459659 | regulator genes | 18,000 of them. Modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes. |  | 9 |
| 4840470713 | How do humans with far fewer genes than scientists thought manage to develop into such complex beings? | The proteins our genes make which break up and reassemble in staggering variety. |  | 10 |
| 4840475049 | Simpler species have fewer proteins T or F | T |  | 11 |
| 4840480072 | Gametes | Individual sex cells (sperm and ovum) as a result from meiosis 23 chromosomes |  | 12 |
| 4840484050 | A gamete has how many chromosomes? | 23, half as many as a regular body cell | 13 | |
| 4840485113 | meiosis | Cell division process which gametes are formed. It halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. Genetic variability |  | 14 |
| 4840491298 | zygote | Cell result of sperm and ovum uniting at conception |  | 15 |
| 4840494637 | zygote has how many chromosomes? | 46 | 16 | |
| 4840504501 | Shuffling of genes in meiosis creates... | hereditary combinatioins |  | 17 |
| 4840510405 | autosomes | 22/23 chromosome pairs are matching. They are NOT sex chromosomes | 18 | |
| 4840513691 | sex chromosomes | 23d and last chromosome pair. XX and XY |  | 19 |
| 4840515250 | X or Y has more genetic material? | X |  | 20 |
| 4840528822 | fraternal or dizygotic twins | Most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova |  | 21 |
| 4840538726 | identical or monozygotic twins | Zygote started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals. Same genetic makeup. Rare; more stress on babies development; slower dev than one baby born | | 22 |
| 4840866310 | allele | One of a pair of genes (one from mom, one from dad) that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic, such as blood type or colorblindness |  | 23 |
| 4840875305 | homozygous | If alleles are alike means child will display inherited trait |  | 24 |
| 4840876566 | heterozygous | If alleles are different, relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype. Dominant-recessive inheritance. |  | 25 |
| 4840886305 | Dominant-recessive inheritance | In heterozygous pairings. Dominant and recessive allele |  | 26 |
| 4840894429 | recessive | If allele has no effect but can still be passed down |  | 27 |
| 4840898183 | carriers of a trait | Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele (Dd) can pass that trait on to children. |  | 28 |
| 4840904224 | Phenylketonuria or PKU | Recessive autosomal disorder. Affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods. Intellectual disabilities |  | 29 |
| 4840949788 | Cooley's anemia | Recessive autosomal disorder. Pale, delayed physical growth, lethargic behavior |  | 30 |
| 4840953183 | Cystic fibrosis | Recessive autosomal disorder. Lungs, liver, pancreas secrete lots of mucus. Hard to breathe and digest food |  | 31 |
| 4840956232 | Sickle cell anemia | Recessive autosomal disorder. Abnormality in oxygen-carrying protiens of red blood cells cause oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling, tissue damage |  | 32 |
| 4840968396 | Tay-Sachs disease | Recessive autosomal disorder. CNS degeneration. Poor muscle tone, blindness, deafness, and convulsions |  | 33 |
| 4840978072 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Recessive X-linked disorder. Degenerative muscle disease. Abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk between 7-13yrs old |  | 34 |
| 4840984579 | Hemophilia | Recessive X-linked disorder. Blood fails to clot normally and lead to severe internal bleading and tissue damage |  | 35 |
| 4840986504 | Diabetes insipidus | Recessive X-linked disorder. Insufficient production of the hormone vasopressin. Excessive thirst/urination. Dehydration cause CNS damage |  | 36 |
| 4840891906 | dominant | If only one allele affects the child's charateristics |  | 37 |
| 4840919480 | Huntington's disease | Dominant autosomal disorder. Central nervous system degenerates. Not appear until 35 yrs old |  | 38 |
| 4840995261 | Marfan Syndrome | Dominant autosomal disorder. Heart defects and eye abnormalities of lens. Skeletal defects. |  | 39 |
| 4841033887 | incomplete dominance | A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two. Ex: Red+White=Pink; sickle-cell anemia |  | 40 |
| 4841044995 | X-linked inheritance | When a harmful allele is carried on the X-chromosome. Males more likely to inherit it because their sex chromosomes don't match. Females have 2 X-chromosomes so one of the X's can be recessive | | 41 |
| 4841069753 | genomic imprinting | Allele's are imprinted or chemically marked through regulator processes within the genome, in such a way that one pair member (mom or dad's) is activated regardless of its makup |  | 42 |
| 4841118369 | mutation | a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA. One cause is bc of lots of radiation |  | 43 |
| 4841140575 | germline mutation | Mutations in cells that give rise to gametes. When affected individual mates, the defective DNA is passed to the next generation |  | 44 |
| 4841140576 | somatic mutation | normal body cells mutate at any time in life | 45 | |
| 4841151315 | polygenic inheritance | In which many genes affect the characteristic in question. complex genetic inheritance. |  | 46 |
| 4841182337 | Most chromosomal defects result from mistakes during... | meiosis | 47 | |
| 4841193296 | What is the most common chromosomal disorder? Failure of what chromosome | Down syndrome. 21 pair. Environmental factors effect dev significantly |  | 48 |
| 4841218046 | Sex Chromosomal Disorders | XYY syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), Turner Syndrome (XO) | 49 | |
| 4841246251 | Genetic counseling | a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose best course of action in view of risks and family goals |  | 50 |
| 4841257500 | pedigree | picture of the family tree in which affected relatives are identified |  | 51 |
| 4841262706 | genetic markers | a gene or short sequence deviations of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other genes on a genetic map. |  | 52 |
| 4841275802 | prenatal diagnostic methods | medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth |  | 53 |
| 4841286509 | prenatal diagnostic methods list: | amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling fetoscopy ultrasound maternal blood analysis ultrafast fetal MRI preimplantation genetic diagnosis |  | 54 |
| 4841303527 | gene therapy | correcting the genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells | 55 | |
| 4841306616 | gene therapy | correcting hereditary defects | 56 | |
| 4841308256 | proteomics | scientists modify gene-specified proteins involved in disease | 57 | |
| 4841389517 | adoption | more learning, emotional, social, cognitive problems for children |  | 58 |
| 4841547247 | microsystem | family |  | 59 |
| 4841551922 | bidirectional influence | behaviors of each family member affect those of others |  | 60 |
| 4841563160 | be firm but warm with children for best development | true |  | 61 |
| 4841566006 | harsh treatment means rebellion later | true |  | 62 |
| 4841570721 | coparenting | mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors |  | 63 |
| 4841574836 | internalizing difficulties | More girls: feeling worried about parents relationships |  | 64 |
| 4841579098 | externalizing difficulties | More boys: anger and aggression |  | 65 |
| 4841593025 | chronosystem | Major life changes in child's life. Moving, marriage, divorce, death in family etc |  | 66 |
| 4841607330 | socioeconomic status (SES) | Researchers asses family's through index using three variables: 1. yrs of education 2. prestige of one's job and skills it requires 3. income (economic status) |  | 67 |
| 4842230402 | High SES | Wealthier, less stress, want psychological traits for kids (curiosity, happiness, self-direction, cog and soc maturity). Warmth and verbal praise for kids | | 68 |
| 4842239456 | Low SES | Less money, stressful, want external characteristics for kids (obedience, politeness, neat/cleanliness). "Because I said so" |  | 69 |
| 4842256106 | affluent parents | Those in prestigious and high-paying occupations. Not as much family interaction. Kids more likely than low SES kids to get involved in drugs/alcohol |  | 70 |
| 4842298955 | Poverty | Kids not hopeful. Lifelong poor physical health, deficits in cog development, mental illness, aggression, antisocial behaviors |  | 71 |
| 4842318844 | 2 main factors in the rise of homelessness | 1. decline in the availability of government-supported low-cost housing 2. increase in poverty | 72 | |
| 4842325415 | Most homeless families consist of | women and children | 73 | |
| 4842377488 | Strong family ties to the community reduce family stress | true |  | 74 |
| 4842388116 | Low-poverty neighborhoods show better_____ .. than poverty | mental and physical health, school achievement |  | 75 |
| 4842554655 | social support benefits: | Parental self-worth Parental access to valuable info and services Child-rearing controls and role models Direct assistance with child rearing | 76 | |
| 4842583991 | subcultures | groups of people with beiefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture |  | 77 |
| 4842613569 | extended-family households | Parent and child live with one or more adult relatives | 78 | |
| 4842617791 | familism | Intergenerational shared parenting. Places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds, frequent contact, and meeting family needs |  | 79 |
| 4842632673 | collectivism | Western European countries. People stress group goals over individual goals and value interdependent qualities. |  | 80 |
| 4842635883 | individualism | USA. People stress personal exploration, discovery, achievement and choice in relationships. Value personal needs and independence. |  | 81 |
| 4842649425 | public policies | Laws and gov programs designed to improve current conditions. |  | 82 |
| 4847910940 | Affordable Care Act | In the year 2010 extended government-supported health insurance to all children in low-income families. Expanded coverage for low-income adults (optional) |  | 83 |
| 4847947197 | Public policies aim to foster child development because of 2 reasons: | 1. Children are the future 2. Child-oriented policies can be defended on humanitarian grounds (child's basic rights as humans) |  | 84 |
| 4847958847 | Convention of Rights of the Child | Legal agreement among nations that commits each cooperating country to work toward guaranteeing environments that foster children's development: protect them from harm and enhance their community participation and self-determination |  | 85 |
| 4847982031 | behavioral genetics | A field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilites |  | 86 |
| 4847988854 | polygenic traits | traits due to many genes. Intelligence, personality, | | 87 |
| 4848001880 | How much does nature/nurture contribute to child differences? | Heredity and environment are inseperable | | 88 |
| 4848010751 | heritability estimates | Measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors |  | 89 |
| 4848110855 | kinship studies | Compare the characteristics of family members. Identical twins have higher correlation scores of intelligence than other twins | | 90 |
| 4848153269 | gene-environment interaction | Because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness o qualities of the environment Two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways (grades/intelligence, response to certain laws, obedience) |  | 91 |
| 4848178697 | Gene-environment interaction 2 points | 1. We all have diff genetic makeups so we respond differently to the same environment 2. Sometimes, different gene-environment combinations can make 2 people look the same |  | 92 |
| 4848201901 | gene-environment correlation | Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. The way it happens changes with age | 93 | |
| 4848211916 | Passive gene-environment correlation | Younger ages. Child has no control over it. Child exposed to athletics because her parents are athletes |  | 94 |
| 4848219928 | evocative gene-environment correlation | Younger ages. Children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style. Outgoing baby receives more social attention/stimulation |  | 95 |
| 4848267497 | Active gene-environment correlation | Older ages. Children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family and given freedom to make more choices. Actively seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies. Musical child chooses to get involved in a band |  | 96 |
| 4848288305 | niche-picking | Tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity. Why identical twins share same hobbies | | 97 |
| 4848305768 | Influence of heredity and environment NOT constant, but changes over time | true |  | 98 |
| 4848337891 | internal stimulation | Biology affects child's outcome. Activity in cytoplasm of cell, hormones released into blood |  | 99 |
| 4848342907 | external stimulation | Child's environment affects child's outcome. Family, friends, school |  | 100 |
| 4848352048 | epigenesis | Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment | 101 | |
| 4848361779 | methylation | A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression. "War twin" vs "Law twin" case study |  | 102 |
