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| 6117457911 | prenatal development | the changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn human | 0 | |
| 6117462872 | gestation occurs over | 265 days or 38 weeks | 1 | |
| 6117464452 | geminal stage | period of the zygote (weeks 1-2) | 2 | |
| 6117509402 | zygote | fertilized egg that implants itself in the wall of the uterus | 3 | |
| 6117513845 | outer layer | trophoblast will develop into supporting structures | 4 | |
| 6117515069 | blastocyst | after about 4 days, the zygote compromises about 100 cells, resembles a hollow ball (60-70 cell mass) | 5 | |
| 6117518669 | implantation | the blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connection with the mother's blood vessels (7th-9th day) | 6 | |
| 6117520982 | germdic/embryonic disc | inner layer- a small cluster of cells near the centre of the blastocyst that eventually develops into a baby | 7 | |
| 6117524706 | placenta | the layer of cells closest to the uterus becomes the placenta, which is a structure for exchanging nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing organism | 8 | |
| 6117534215 | embryonic stage | period of the embryo (weeks 3-8) | 9 | |
| 6117538579 | amniotic sac | the embryo rests in an amniotic sac, which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature | 10 | |
| 6117542256 | amniotic fluid | cushions embryo and maintains a constant temperature | 11 | |
| 6117543954 | chorion | attaches to uterine wall and eventually becomes the placenta | 12 | |
| 6117547044 | umbilical cord | houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta. feeds baby (can grow 2-3 ft. long) | 13 | |
| 6117551468 | villi | blood flows through villi-finger-like projections from the umbilical blood vessels | 14 | |
| 6117554607 | embryo | once the blastocyst is completely embedded in the uterine wall | 15 | |
| 6117556621 | organogenesis | production and development of the organs | 16 | |
| 6117564968 | ectoderm | (outer layer) nervous system and skin | 17 | |
| 6117566923 | mesoderm | (middle layer) muscles, skeleton, circulatory system | 18 | |
| 6117568864 | endoderm | (inner layer) digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands | 19 | |
| 6117573332 | fetal stage | period of the fetus (weeks 9-38) | 20 | |
| 6117576572 | period of the fetus | the final and longest phase of prenatal development that extends from the ninth week after conception until birth | 21 | |
| 6117578792 | cerebral cortex | wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many important human behaviours during this period (organs, muscles and nervous system organizes and become connected) | 22 | |
| 6117587044 | vernix | the skin thickens and is covered with a thick, greasy substance that protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid (waxy-like substance) | 23 | |
| 6117591887 | viability | (3rd trimester, 22-28 weeks) baby becomes capable of living outside the mother's body | 24 | |
| 6117597992 | fetus responds to sounds (responds behaviourally) | at 25th week | 25 | |
| 6117604265 | fetus discriminates familiar and unfamiliar sounds by (responds psychologically) | 32nd or 22rd week | 26 | |
| 6117606010 | movements can be felt by mother in | 2nd trimester | 27 | |
| 6117611455 | in the end of the embryonic period | male embryos develop testes and female embryos develop ovaries | 28 | |
| 6117613461 | in the 3rd month | testes in male fetus secrete a hormone that causes a set of cells to become a penis and scrotum; in female fetus, this hormone is absent, so the same cells become a vagina and labia | 29 | |
| 6117618644 | in the 5th and 6 months | eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp hair emerge (vernix) | 30 | |
| 6117620430 | in 6 months | fetuses vary in their usual heart rates and in how much their heart rate changes in response to physiological stress | 31 | |
| 6117627280 | first trimester | (1-2 weeks) fertilized egg (zygote) becomes a blastocyst that is implanted in the uterine wall. (3-4 weeks) period of rapid growth; most body parts including nervous system; brain, spinal cord, heart and limbs are formed | 32 | |
| 6117640186 | second trimester | (9-12 weeks) rapid growth continues, most body systems begin to function. (13-24 weeks) continued growth; fetus is now large enough for a woman to feel its movements, fetus is covered with vernix | 33 | |
| 6117647694 | third trimester | (25-38 weeks) continued growth; body systems become mature in preparation for birth, layer of fat is acquired, reaches age of viability | 34 | |
| 6117661911 | neurons begin to develop in the | embryonic stage | 35 | |
| 6117661912 | neurons proliferate in the | fetal stage | 36 | |
| 6117684484 | sex hormones are secreted at | 6 weeks | 37 | |
| 6117688748 | females have a faster bone development and are ahead of boys by | 4-6 weeks at the time of birth | 38 | |
| 6117698080 | males are more vulnerable to | congenital problems, teratogens, have higher rates of injury and shorter life expectancy | 39 | |
| 6117708907 | spina bifida | a disorder in which the embryo's neural tube does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy | 40 | |
| 6117720740 | insufficiency of folic acid leads to | spina bifida | 41 | |
| 6117723162 | malnutrition leads to | still birth, low birth weight, miscarriage, death in infant, smaller brains, and fewer neurons therefore suffering intellectually | 42 | |
| 6117788808 | birth after 35 is associated with | heart abnormalities, chromosome disorders, miscarriages, multiple births because reproductive system changes and could be irregularities such as releasing more than one ovum | 43 | |
| 6117801802 | stress | a person's physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging situations | 44 | |
| 6117826473 | social influence | refers to events set in motion when a teenage girl gives birth, events that make it harder for her to provide a positive environment for her child's development | 45 | |
| 6117829983 | social selection | some teenage girls are more likely than others to become pregnant, and the same factors that cause girls to become pregnant may put their children at risk | 46 | |
| 6117840131 | teratogens | environmental agents that can lead to problems | 47 | |
| 6117849656 | heredity | greater resilience to teratogens | 48 | |
| 6117854511 | effects of teratogens depend on | dose, heredity, age, sleeper effects | 49 | |
| 6117856901 | age | when a child is exposed prenatally to an environment with toxins depending on the age of the embryo or zygote will determine what will be affected | 50 | |
| 6117866639 | sleeper effects | some teratogens don't have effect right away or don't see it but its not till later | 51 | |
| 6117868544 | thalidomide | a powerful teratogen that causes abnormal prenatal development | 52 | |
| 6117890642 | rubella/measles | first 4-5 weeks tends to have significant effects on a baby, after time period only 10% of babies are effected. causes eye problems, deafness, heart problems and risk for developing schizophrenia in adulthood | 53 | |
| 6117900317 | HIV/aids | 25% of babies born to HIV mothers will be infected but with drugs only 2% are infected. causes frequent infections, neurological disorder, and death | 54 | |
| 6117907260 | cytomegalovirus | type of herpes that leads to cognitive disabilities in babies and associated with deafness and baby can be effected prenatally. causes deafness, blindness, abnormally small head, and developmental disabilities | 55 | |
| 6117914279 | herpes | transmitted during delivery process, can cause inflammation of brain and spinal cord, sores. causes encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting | 56 | |
| 6117920204 | syphilis | associated with eye defects, ear problems, brain defects. causes damage to CNS, teeth and bones | 57 | |
| 6117925621 | environmental hazards | things in the environment that are associated with some cognitive delays | 58 | |
| 6117929691 | fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | pregnant women who consume large quantities of alcoholic beverages may give birth to babies to FASD | 59 | |
| 6117942889 | cocaine and heroin | retarded growth, irritability in newborns | 60 | |
| 6117944186 | marijuana | low birth weight, less motor control | 61 | |
| 6117944188 | nicotine | retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments | 62 | |
| 6117946806 | accutane | abnormalities of the CNS, eyes and ears | 63 | |
| 6117949250 | aspirin | deficits in intelligence, attention and motor skills | 64 | |
| 6117950807 | caffeine | lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone | 65 | |
| 6117954705 | chorionic villus sampling | cell are extracted from the placenta (increase risk of miscarriage so not first test done unless high risk for baby) | 66 | |
| 6117961112 | amniocentesis | amniotic fluid is extracted and fetal cells examined (can do this in 14-16 weeks) (risk of miscarriage) | 67 | |
| 6117965438 | ultrasonography | sound waves create image of the fetus | 68 | |
| 6117966855 | MRI | camera is used to observe the fetus and to sample fetal blood | 69 | |
| 6117968607 | fetoscopy | camera is used to observe the fetus and to sample fetal blood | 70 | |
| 6118033282 | how teratogens influence prenatal development | 1. depends on the genotype of the organism 2. changes over the course of prenatal development 3. each affects specific aspect of prenatal development 4. depends on dose 5. damage not always evidence at birth, but may appear later in life | 71 | |
| 6118065506 | proteomics | modifying gene- specific proteins: process of modifying the protein that is involved in the disease | 72 | |
| 6118075081 | genetic engineering | another approach to treating prenatal problems, replacing defective genes with synthetic normal genes - corrects genetic abnormalities: symptoms of hemophilia and severe immune system problems | 73 | |
| 6118085162 | stage 1 of labour | dilation of the cervix and contractions (3-20 hours) cervix enlarges to 10cm | 74 | |
| 6118091182 | stage 2 of labour | baby moves down the birth canal (1 hour) | 75 | |
| 6118093271 | stage 3 of labour | delivery (15-20 minutes) delivery of the placenta (10-15 minutes) | 76 | |
| 6118096190 | crowning | top of baby's head appears | 77 | |
| 6118096191 | breech presentation | small percentage of babies that come out feet/bottom first | 78 | |
| 6118098799 | doula | person familiar with childbirth who is not part of the medical staff but instead provides emotional and physical support throughout labour and delivery | 79 | |
| 6118103671 | midwife | health care professional providing care during pregnancy, during and after, consult between pregnancies and give info about childcare and help mom breastfeed, birth control, medication, license professional/doctor | 80 | |
| 6118197506 | anoxia | complete deprivation of oxygen (umbilical cord squeezed during delivery) | 81 | |
| 6118199707 | hypoxia | deprivation of oxygen in one part of the body (umbilical cord wrapped around a certain body part) long term effects depend on length of oxygen deprivation | 82 | |
| 6118216263 | cephalopelvic disproportion | the infant's head is larger than the pelvis, making it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal | 83 | |
| 6118219445 | irregular position | in shoulder presentation, the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus and the shoulder appears first in breech presentation, the buttocks appears first | 84 | |
| 6118222535 | pre-eclampsia | a pregnant woman has high blood pressure, protein in her urine, and swelling in her extremities (due to fluid retention) | 85 | |
| 6118228137 | prolapsed umbilical cord | the umbilical cord precedes the baby through the birth canal and is squeezed shut, cutting off oxygen to the baby | 86 | |
| 6118237568 | premature infants | born less than 37 weeks after conception | 87 | |
| 6118239582 | small-for-date/small for gestational age | infants are substantially smaller than would be expected based on the length of time since conception | 88 | |
| 6118241661 | kangaroo care | position in which infants dressed only in a diaper are held against an adult's bare chest in a sling or basket | 89 | |
| 6118253076 | infant mortality | the number of infants out of 1000 births who die before their first birthday | 90 | |
| 6118262102 | babies are usually between | 6 and 11 pounds | 91 | |
| 6118262103 | low birth weight | 5.5 pounds or less | 92 | |
| 6118277313 | cesarean section | incision is made in abdomen to remove the baby from the uterus | 93 | |
| 6118289918 | 26% of deliveries are | cesarean | 94 | |
| 6118292576 | 1 in 16 in Canada are | preterm babies | 95 | |
| 6118295293 | baby blues | minor depression, last a few weeks (50-80%) | 96 | |
| 6118300776 | postpartum depression | tend to show little interest in babies (10-15% new mothers) (10-35% woman having it again with another child) | 97 | |
| 6118311294 | postpartum psychosis | dramatic mood changes, hallucinations, delusions and manic episodes. might harm their child | 98 | |
| 6118330516 | apgar score | measure devised by obstetrical anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, is used to evaluate newborn baby's condition | 99 | |
| 6118342064 | baby's performance is used to evaluate the functioning of four systems: | 1. autonomic (ability to control body function) 2. motor (ability to control body movements and activity level) 3. state (ability to maintain state) 4. social (ability to interact with people) | 100 | |
| 6118354547 | brazelton neonatal behavioural assessment scale | test: reflexes, muscle tone, alertness, cuddliness, and ability to self sooth | 101 | |
| 6118357212 | reflexes | unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation | 102 | |
| 6118360082 | adaptive reflexes | breathing, eye blink, pupillary. always keep throughout lives | 103 | |
| 6118362160 | blink reflex | baby's eyes close i response to bright light or loud noise to protect eyes | 104 | |
| 6118368744 | rooting reflex | feel touch, turn toward it with open mouth helps baby find nipple | 105 | |
| 6118370271 | sucking reflex | baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth to permit feeding, disappear 6 months-1 year | 106 | |
| 6118373490 | primitive reflexes | presence at birth neurologically things are good | 107 | |
| 6118660067 | babinski reflex | stroke foot of baby, they will fan out their toes and the foot curls in. cause is unknown. disappears by 1 year | 108 | |
| 6118668565 | palmar reflex | baby grasps an object that is placed on palm of its hand. reflexive until 3-4 months then becomes voluntary grasping | 109 | |
| 6118674336 | moro reflex | a baby throws its arms out and then inward in response to a loud noise or when its head falls. disappear by 4-6 months, may help baby cling to mother | 110 | |
| 6118682956 | stepping reflex | put babies feet on hard surface and they start to step. disappear within first couple of months unless you continue it which can lead to walking a month earlier, precursor to voluntary walking | 111 | |
| 6118688092 | tonic neck reflex | disappear about 4 months and eventually morphs into voluntary reaching | 112 | |
| 6118690500 | withdrawal reflex | a baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin. this protects baby from unpleasant stimulation | 113 | |
| 6118695627 | 5 states of consciousness | alert wakefulness, deep sleep, lighter sleep, fussing and hunger | 114 | |
| 6118701689 | 4 behavioural states | alert inactivity, waking activity, crying and sleeping | 115 | |
| 6118704471 | alter inactivity | the baby is calm and attentive, with eyes open; the baby appears to be deliberately inspecting the environment | 116 | |
| 6118709130 | waking activity | the baby's eyes are open, but they seem unfocused; the baby moves arms or legs in bursts of uncoordinated motion | 117 | |
| 6118716854 | crying | baby cries vigorously, usually accompanying this with agitated but uncoordinated motion | 118 | |
| 6118719395 | sleeping | baby's eyes are closed and baby drifts back and forth from periods of regular breathing and stillness to periods of irregular breathing and gentle arm and leg motion | 119 | |
| 6118727826 | newborns sleep about | 90% of the day | 120 | |
| 6118729364 | babies spend | 8 hours in REM and 8 hours in nonREM | 121 | |
| 6118738360 | during weeks 6-8 babies sleep | less and show signs of circadian rhythms | 122 | |
| 6118743033 | at 6 months babies sleep | 14 hours a day and sleep is more regular and predictable | 123 | |
| 6118748384 | rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep | newborns may move their arms and legs, they may grimace, and their eyes may move about beneath their eyelids | 124 | |
| 6118750669 | non-REM sleep | breathing, heart rate, and brain activity are steady and newborns lie quietly without the twitching associated with REM sleep | 125 | |
| 6118785899 | basic cry | starts softly than gradually becomes more intense and usually occurs when a baby is hungry or tired | 126 | |
| 6118788023 | mad cry | more intense version of a basic cry | 127 | |
| 6118788024 | pain cry | begins with sudden, long shriek, followed by a long pause and gasping crying | 128 | |
| 6118790987 | swaddling | useful technique in which an infant is wrapped tightly in a blanket | 129 | |
| 6118794889 | newborns cry | 2-11% of the time and this lessens over time | 130 | |
| 6118797314 | colic | intense periods of crying, starts early in the first 3 months | 131 | |
| 6118801342 | sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | healthy baby dies suddenly, for no apparent reason | 132 |
