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AP Cells Flashcards

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5053157897ProkaryotesCells with no nuclear or internal membrane; i.e., lysosomes, vacuoles and mitochondria Evolved 3.6 billion years ago Prokaryotes are classified in two domains: Archaea and Bacteria Contain small ribosomes No cytoskeleton Cells are small 1-10 micrometers Contain naked, circular DNA0
5053157898EukaryotesCells with internal membranes Evolved about a billion years ago According to the theory of endosymbiosis, chloroplasts and mitochondria were formerly tiny prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger cells and formed a permenent symbiotic relationship DNA is wrapped with histone proteins in chromosomes Metabolism is aerobic Cells are larger than prokaryotes, 10-100 micrometers1
5053160899Form and Function Go Together2
5053160900Why Cells are So Small3
5053166191NucleusContains chromosomes (DNA) wrapped into a chromatin network Surrounded by selectively permeable membrane that contains nuclear pores for the passage of large molecules like mRNA4
5053167920NucleolusProminent region seen in the nucleus during interphase Where ribosome components are synthesized and assembled5
5053177553RibosomesSite of protein synthesis Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum6
5053180770Golgi ApparatusPackages and secretes substances produced in the Endoplasmic reticulum Lies near nucleus; consists of flattened membranous sacs7
5053184353Endoplasmic ReticulumMembranous system of channels and flattened sacs that traverses the cytoplasm Rough ER - site of protein synthesis Smooth ER - Synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids - Connects rough ER to Golgi apparatus -Carries out various detoxification processes8
5053192086LysosomesSacs of hydrolytic enzymes surrounded by a single membrane Principal site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules Carry out programmed destruction of cells, apoptosis, using their hydrolytic enzymes Found in large numbers in phagocytic white blood cells Absent from plant cells9
5053201211PeroxisomesContain enzyme that converts harmful H2O2 to harmless water In liver cells, detoxify alcohol10
5053205638MitochondriaSite of aerobic respiration, the process that generates ATP Internal membranes are called cristae membranes Enclosed in a double membrane because in ancient time these were tiny free-living cells that took up residence inside larger organisms. This is the theory of endoxymbiosis11
5053216256VacuolesFood Vacuoles Formed by phagocytosis Surrounded by a single membrane Central Vacuoles Found in mature plant cells enclosed in a specialized membraned called tonoplast Contractile Vacuoles Found in freshwater protista like amoeba and paramecia Pump out excess water that diffuses inward because organisms live in a hypotonic environment12
5053226667ChloroplastsPresent in all living plant cells Site of photosynthesis Contains the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis According to the Theory of Endosymbiosis, chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes13
5053233620Cilia/FlagellaAppendages that protrude from eukaryotic cells for locomotion Consist of special arrangement of microtubules: 9 pairs of microtubules + 2 singlets (9+2) Cilia are short; flagella are long In paramecia, euglena, sperm and human respiratory system14
5053247236CytoskeletonComplex network of protein filaments that extends through the cytoplasm and gives cell its shape and ability to move Ex: microtubules - hollow tubes; make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibers Ex: Microfilaments - Help form cleavage furrow during cell respiration -Enable amoeba to send out pseudopods -Make up the actin contracting fibers in skeletal muscle15
5053258526Cell WallFound in plant cells; not in animal cells In plants and algae, it consists of cellulose (polysaccharide) In Fungi, it consists of chitin Primary cell wall: immediately outside plasma membrane Secondary cell wall: where found, located outside primary cell wall16
5053265287Plasma MembraneSelectively permeable - fluid mosaic model Consists of a lipid bilayer with proteins dispersed throughout In vertebrates, cholesterol molecules are embedded in the interior of membrane for stability External surface has glycoproteins that functions in cell-to-cell communication Contains protein channels, pumps and enzymes Ex: Ca++ ion channel, Na+ -K+ pumps and ATP synthase channel17
5053276278Transport18
5053278505Passive TransportMovement of molecules down a gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration; no energy (ATP) required Simple diffusion - no membrane required Facilitated - molecules diffuse through membrane channels Osmosis - type of diffusion where water diffuses across a membrane Countercurrent exchange - special case of simple diffusion - flow of adjacent fluids in opposite direction to maximize rate of diffusion Ex - fish gills19
5053290702Water Potential20
5053293562What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?21
5053294936What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?22
5053296219What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?23
5053296220AquaporinsSpecial water channel proteins in certain cells that facilitate the rapid diffusion of massive amounts of water across a cell membrane They do not alter the water potential gradient; the only speed the rate of diffusion24
5053301875Active Transport25
5053301876Sodium-Potassium Pump26
5053305432Pinocytosis Phagocytosis27
5053308451Cell Communication Paracrine Signaling28
5053310393Cell Communication Long Distance Signaling29
5053311703Cell Communication Ion-channel receptors30
5053313767Cell Communication G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR31
5053341262Cell Communication Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) Receptor32
5053349732Cytoplasmic Receptors33
5053349733Signal Transduction Pathway34
5053352139Gap Junctions35
5053353288Apoptosis36

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