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| 7348519203 | Austronesian migrations | The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth.Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago. |  | 0 |
| 7348522340 | Bantu migration | The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. |  | 1 |
| 7348524367 | Çatalhüyük | An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey. |  | 2 |
| 7348525988 | Chiefdom | A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. |  | 3 |
| 7348528166 | Clovis culture | The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point. |  | 4 |
| 7348530761 | Diffusion | The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement. |  | 5 |
| 7348533917 | Dreamtime | A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings. |  | 6 |
| 7348535881 | Fertile Crescent | Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture. |  | 7 |
| 7348537305 | Göbekli Tepe | A ceremonial site comprising 20 circles made up of carved limestone pillars located in southeastern Turkey. The site, which dates to 11,600 years ago, was built by gatherer hunters who lived at least part of the year in settled villages. |  | 8 |
| 7348540100 | Megafaunal Extinction | Dying out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels, that occurred around 11,000-10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing climate of the era. |  | 9 |
| 7348546628 | "The Original Affluent Society" | Term coined by the scholar Marshall Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he regarded as affluent not because they had so much but because they wanted or needed so little. |  | 10 |
| 7348551791 | Paleolithic Settling Down | The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society. |  | 11 |
| 7348553661 | Pastoral Society | A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location. |  | 12 |
| 7348564289 | "Secondary Products Revolution" | A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began ca. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. |  | 13 |
| 7348567704 | Shaman | In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs. |  | 14 |
| 7348572254 | Stateless Societies | Village-based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus. |  | 15 |
| 7348574621 | Teosinte | The wild ancestor of maize. |  | 16 |
| 7348576567 | Trance Dance | In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's inner spiritual potency (n/um) to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. |  | 17 |
| 7348580316 | Venus Figurines | Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance. |  | 18 |
| 7348583496 | Bipedalism | The condition of being two-footed or of using two feet for standing and walking. |  | 19 |
| 7348586837 | Division of labor | A production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency. |  | 20 |
| 7348591414 | Cultural diffusion | The transmission of elements or features of one culture to another. | | 21 |
| 7348600995 | "Fire Stick" Farming | The practice of Indigenous Australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. |  | 22 |
| 7348601959 | Neolithic Revolution | The origin and consequences the introduction of agriculture, domestication of animals, and a more sedentary life during the later part of the Stone Age |  | 23 |
| 7348606276 | Paleolithic Age | The cultural period of the Stone Age that began about 2.5 to 2 million years ago, marked by the earliest use of tools made of chipped stone. |  | 24 |
| 7348612038 | Egalitarian | Asserting, resulting from, or characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political, economic, or social life. |  | 25 |
| 7348629824 | Collective Learning | A complex concept that is variously defined. It is generally conceptualized as a dynamic and cumulative process that results in the production of knowledge. |  | 26 |
| 7348634494 | Collaboration | The action of working with someone to produce or create something. |  | 27 |
| 7348638834 | Abstract Thinking | Thinking characterized by the ability to use concepts and to make and understand generalizations, such as of the properties or pattern shared by a variety of specific items or events. |  | 28 |
| 7353425057 | Kinship | Relationship by nature, qualities, etc.; affinity. |  | 29 |
| 7353438591 | Latitude | The angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on the earth's surface, measured on the meridian of the point. a place or region as marked by this distance. |  | 30 |
| 7353438592 | Equator | The great circle on a sphere or heavenly body whose plane is perpendicular to the axis, equidistant everywhere from the two poles of the sphere or heavenly body. |  | 31 |
| 7353444049 | Longitude | Angular distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured by the angle contained between the meridian of a particular place and some prime meridian, as that of Greenwich, England, and expressed either in degrees or by some corresponding difference in time. |  | 32 |
| 7353449097 | Prime Meridian | The meridian running through Greenwich, England, from which longitude east and west is reckoned. |  | 33 |
| 7353453683 | Asia | A continent bounded by Europe and the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. About 16,000,000 sq. mi. (41,440,000 sq. km). |  | 34 |
| 7353456130 | Europe | A continent in the W part of the landmass lying between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains on the E and the Caucasus Mountains and the Black and Caspian seas on the SE. In British usage, Europe sometimes contrasts with England. About 4,017,000 sq. mi. (10,404,000 sq. km). |  | 35 |
| 7353462271 | Africa | A continent S of Europe and between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. About 11,700,000 sq. mi. (30,303,000 sq. km). |  | 36 |
| 7353465831 | North America | The northern continent of the Western Hemisphere, extending from Central America to the Arctic Ocean. Highest point, Mt. McKinley, 20,300 feet (6187 meters); lowest, Death Valley, 276 feet (84 meters) below sea level. About 9,360,000 sq. mi. (24,242,400 sq. km). |  | 37 |
| 7353466783 | South America | A continent in the S part of the Western Hemisphere. About 6,900,000 sq. mi. (17,871,000 sq. km). |  | 38 |
| 7353472406 | Antarctica | The continent surrounding the South Pole: almost entirely covered by an ice sheet. About 5,000,000 sq. mi. (12,950,000 sq. km). |  | 39 |
| 7353476659 | Australia | A continent SE of Asia, between the Indian and the Pacific oceans. 2,948,366 sq. mi. (7,636,270 sq. km). |  | 40 |
| 7353479072 | Atlantic | An ocean bounded by North America and South America in the Western Hemisphere and by Europe and Africa in the Eastern Hemisphere. About 31,530,000 sq. mi. (81,663,000 sq. km); with connecting seas about 41,000,000 sq. mi. (106,100,000 sq. km); greatest known depth, 30,246 feet (9219 meters). |  | 41 |
| 7353491888 | Pacific | An ocean bordered by the American continents, Asia, and Australia: largest ocean in the world; divided by the equator into the North Pacific and the South Pacific. 70,000,000 sq. mi. (181,300,000 sq. km); greatest known depth, 35,433 feet (10,800 meters). |  | 42 |
| 7353493805 | Indian | An ocean S of Asia, E of Africa, and W of Australia. 28,357,000 sq. mi. (73,444,630 sq. km). |  | 43 |
| 7353520356 | Arctic | An ocean N of North America, Asia, and the Arctic Circle. About 5,540,000 sq. mi. (14,350,000 sq. km). |  | 44 |
| 7353524700 | Caribbean Sea | A part of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by Central America, the West Indies, and South America. About 750,000 sq. mi. (1,943,000 sq. km); greatest known depth 22,788 feet (6946 meters). |  | 45 |
| 7353528326 | Mediterranean Sea | A sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia. 2400 miles (3865 km) long; 1,145,000 sq. mi. (2,965,550 sq. km); greatest known depth 14,436 feet (4400 meters). |  | 46 |
| 7353541619 | Sea of Japan | The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, and the Asian mainland. |  | 47 |
| 7353547131 | East China Sea | A part of the N Pacific, bounded by China, Japan, the Ryukyus, and Taiwan. 480,000 sq. mi. (1,243,200 sq. km). |  | 48 |
| 7353552050 | South China Sea | A part of the W Pacific, bounded by SE China, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and the Philippines. |  | 49 |
| 7353555307 | Yellow Sea | An arm of the Pacific N of the East China Sea, between China and Korea. |  | 50 |
| 7353558637 | Black Sea | A sea between Europe and Asia, bordered by Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia, and the Russian Federation. 164,000 sq. mi. (424,760 sq. km). |  | 51 |
| 7353561015 | Nile | A river in E Africa, the longest in the world, flowing N from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean. 3473 miles (5592 km) long; from the headwaters of the Kagera River, 4000 miles (6440 km) long. |  | 52 |
| 7353563625 | Tigris & Euphrates | The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. |  | 53 |
| 7353570486 | Mississippi | A river flowing S from N Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico: the principal river of the U.S. 2470 miles (3975 km) long; from the headwaters of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico 3988 miles (6418 km) long. |  | 54 |
| 7353572453 | Congo | Also called Zaire. A river in central Africa, flowing in a great loop from SE Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Atlantic. About 3000 miles (4800 km) long. |  | 55 |
| 7353580343 | Indus | A river in S Asia, flowing from W Tibet through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. 1900 miles (3060 km) long. |  | 56 |
| 7353583292 | Ganges | A river flowing SE from the Himalayas in N India into the Bay of Bengal: sacred to Hindus. 1550 miles (2495 km) long. |  | 57 |
| 7353596850 | Huang Ho (aka. Yellow River) | A river flowing from W China into the Gulf of Bohai. 2800 miles (4510 km) long. |  | 58 |
| 7353601035 | Yangtze | The Yangtze, which is 6380 km long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. |  | 59 |
| 7353611027 | Volga | A river flowing from the Valdai Hills in the W Russian Federation E and then S to the Caspian Sea: the longest river in Europe. 2325 miles (3745 km). |  | 60 |
| 7353615668 | Danube | A river in central and SE Europe, flowing E from southern Germany to the Black Sea. 1725 miles (2775 km) long. |  | 61 |
| 7353615669 | Rhine | A river flowing from SE Switzerland through Germany and the Netherlands into the North Sea: branches off into the Waal, Lek, and IJssel in its lower course. 820 miles (1320 km) long. |  | 62 |
| 7353615670 | Amazon | A river in N South America, flowing E from the Peruvian Andes through N Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean: the largest river in the world in volume of water carried. 3900 miles (6280 km) long. |  | 63 |
