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| 4407305249 | Yellow River Civilization- Xia Dynasty | 1. Huang He means Yellow River and refers to the light-colored loess soil that it pick up and deposits on the riverbank. 2. Unpredictable flooding led to its nickname, China's Sorrow. 3. Regular rains and fertile soul eliminated the need for an extensive irrigation system and, instead, water-control systems were developed. 4. Xia dynasty first attempted to organize public life on a large scale- it established the precedent for hereditary monarchial rule in China. 5. Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government. | 0 | |
| 4407305250 | Shang Dynasty | 1. Earliest recorded dynasty (1750-1027 BCE); rise and success based on technology, especially bronze. 2. Shang controlled production of bronze by monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen. 3. Using a well-armed military, the Shang extended control to northeastern China. 4. Kings controlled surplus agriculture , as well as an extensive network of as many as 1,000 local towns. 5. Built expensive and lavish tombs for emperors. 6. Practiced ancestor worship; used oracle bones to divine the future. | 1 | |
| 4407305251 | Zhou Dynasty | 1. Ruled by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws and justice. 2. Allied with Shang, adopted customs and culture, and then overthrew Shang king. 3. All power and loyalty transferred to Zhou Dynasty 4. Zhou theory of politics: Events of Heaven and Earth are closely related (see Mandate of Heaven card). 5. Zhou cultural achievements: poetry, history, rituals, political essays, morals, religion, and philosophy. 6. Most writings lost, but Book of Songs preserved early Zhou literature. | 2 | |
| 4407305252 | Mandate of Heaven | 1. Events on Earth and in Heaven are directly connected. 2. Power to rule comes from heavenly powers; this "Mandate of Heaven" is granted to and individual who is deserving, known as the "son of Heaven." 3. Ruler, a link between Heaven and Earth, has a duty to maintain order and dispense justice; as long as things go smoothly, he will remain in power; if he fails, the Mandate of Heaven will be bestowed upon a more deserving candidate; this idea was often used to justify rebellions and revolts. 4. Relates to European concept of divine right . 5. First used by Zhou to justify their takeover of the Shang. | 3 | |
| 4407305253 | Silk Production | 1. Silk was first produced under Shang Dynasty (1750-1027 BCE) 2. Silk was produced by raising silkworms on mulberry trees. 3. By the time of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 220 CE), silk was a luxury product in high demand, and thus its production was a highly guarded imperial secret. 4. In the late 500's, Byzantine monks visiting China smuggled silkworms back to their empire and sonn Byzantine craftsmen were producing silk textiles. | 4 | |
| 4407305254 | Warring States/Hundred Schools of Thought | 1. Time of disunity for China (403-221 BCE); many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for their rule. 2. Legalism helped the State of Qin to gain control and unify China. 3. Turmoil forced Chinese to become introspective in an attempt to bring peace and unity to China. 4. Development of three significant schools of thought- Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism. This period is also referred to as the Hundred Schools of Thought. | 5 | |
| 4407305255 | Confucius | 1. Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to restore order to China. 2. A strong-willed man, he often disagreed with the Chinese government. 3. Left province of Lu in search of a chance at promotion, travled for ten years; returned fruitless and dies five years later. 4. As educator and political advisor. 5. Students recorded his teaching in the Analects, which has had a large impact on Chinese government and culture. 6. Believed in five constant relationships- between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. each person in the relationship had a responsibility to the other; one was superior and the other inferior. | 6 | |
| 4407305256 | Confucianism | 1. One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought, it attempts to create social order through loyalty and respect. 2. Does not address philosophical or religious questions or the structure of the state. Just wanted to end the Warrig States period by finding a balance. 3. The best wat to promote good government is to hire people who are well-educated and conscientious- focused on the formation of Junzi ("superior individuals"); Junzi looks at public affairs from many different angles with uncloided jusgement and, thereby, would be able to bring order and stability to society. 4. According to Confucius, Junzi possessed personal qualities such as ren, li, and xiao. 5. Ren- courteousness, respectfulness, diligence, loyalty; li- a sense of propriety, traditionally appropriate behavior; and xiao- filial piety, respect by children for parent and other elder. 6. Learning was important, but Confucius also stressed the importance of moral integrity and fair judgement. | 7 | |
| 4407305257 | Daosim | 1. Daosim came up with an alternative solution to the end of the Warring States period- contrary to Confucian beliefs, Daoists reflected on the natural principles that govern the world to achieve harmony with nature. 2. Central concept: dao ("the way" or "the way of nature" or "the way of the cosmos")- like water, it is soft yet can also corrode the strongest rocks. 3. Humans should stop trying to achieve personal goals and liver very simply in order to achieve harmony with nature. 4. Wuwei: important moral trait whereby people remove themselves from world affairs- translates in political affairs as "less is more." 5. Ideal societal structure would consist of tiny, self-sufficient communities. | 8 | |
| 4407305258 | Legalism | 1. One of the major schools of thought that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period. 2. Based on the goal of expanding and strengthening the state at all costs- it is described as ruthless and efficient. 3. Strict laws with harsh punishments lessen the number and severity of crimes. 4. Notable people: Shang Yang (contributor to The Book of Lord Shang) and Han Feizi. 5. Government strength lies in its agriculture and military- therefore, these two areas demand the highest number of recruits; government should discourage other career paths (merchants, educators, poets, philosophers). 6. Community has a collective responsibility for the law- people should watch each other closely. 7. Used by the Qin dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, to end the warring states period. | 9 | |
| 4407305259 | Qin Dynasty | 1. Used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring State period. 2. Gave peasants land rights to farm remote territories, a practice that weakened traditional social hierarchy. 3. Centralized bureaucracy ruled the state. 4. Great achievements: standardized weights and measures, scriptwriting. 5. Short-lived because of strict laws and harsh punishments. | 10 | |
| 4407305260 | Shi Huangdi | 1. Self proclaimed "first emperor" of China- reigned fourteen years; established centralized rule through large-scale political organization. 2. Central bureaucracy- run from capital at Xianyang- was divided into administrative provinces and districts, each headed by an officer appointed by the emperor. 3. To centralize power, disarmed local military forces; built roads to enhance and expedite communication and movement of armies; standardized laws, currencies, weights and measure, and Chinese script; and built defensive walls, including sections of the Great Wall. 4. Executed anyone who criticized the regime- burned 460 Confucian scholars alive for their critical comments. 5. Forced millions of laborers to work public works projects, including palaces, roads, bridges, irrigation systems, defensive walls, and a tomb for himself. | 11 | |
| 4407305261 | Earl Han Dynasty | 1. Claiming the mandate of heaven," Liu Bang centralized rule using persistence and methodical planning; started the longest lasting Chinese dynasty- the Han (206 BCE-220 CE). 2. Emperors ruled from Chang'an, with its imperial palace, busy markets, and parks. 3. Han Wudi, the "martial emperor,' ruled the Han from 141 to 87 BCE with two goals: to centralize governmental power and to expand the empire. He used Legalist principles as the guidelines for his government. 4. Wudi appointed imperial officers in provinces to enforce laws and levy taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries. 5. Demand for Chinese silk in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire led to development of trade routes (the silk roads). 6. Wudi exercised tremendous government control over the building of roads and canals to increase tarde and communication. Government also controlled production of essential goods: iron, salt, and liquor. | 12 | |
| 4407305262 | Emperor Wudi | 1. Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education. 2. Established an imperial university to educate government officials in 124 BCE. 3. Although the government was based on Legalist principles, the university focused its instruction on Confucianism out of necessity- it was the only Chinese belief system developed enough to establish a curriculum. 4. Enrollment began at 3,000 students and rose to more than 30,000 students during the later Han dynasty. 5. Policy of imperial expansion led to invasions of northern Vietnam and Korea (which then had to pay tribute to Han China) and battles with the Xiongnu, nomads from Asia. 6. The Han conquered everyone the challenged. | 13 | |
| 4407305263 | Later Han Dynasty | 1.Separated from the former Han, as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 CE, the Later Han lasted from 25 to 220 CE. 2. Moved capital from Chang'an east to Luoyang. 3. Ignoring the problem of inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and rebellions led by disgruntled peasants. 4. In the Yellow Turban uprising (rebels wore yellow headgear), government used the military to suppress rebellions but the efforts of peasants weakened the Han dynasty- factions developed in courts that affected the central government. 5. This internal weakness led to the downfall of the empire, which was divided into several large kingdoms. | 14 | |
| 4407305264 | Fall of Han Dynasty | 1. Divisions within the ruling elite limited the effectiveness of the government, leading to its collapse. 2. Issues: land distribution, private armies, unrest, economic decline. 3. Rise in epidemics in late 2nd and 3rd centuries led to the Yellow Turban Rebellion (rebels' yellow turbans represented their peasant status and their ties to the earth). 4. Dynasty formally ended in 220 CE. | 15 | |
| 4407305265 | Silk Road | 1. Trade route that connected Han and Roman Empires in classical times. 2. Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease. 3. Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded silk and spices west to consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman Empire. 4. Spices were important because they had numerous purposes (food preservation, flavoring, and pharmaceutical). 5. Central Asia traded horses, jade, and magic potions west. 6. Following the fall of the Han and Roman Empires, the route was revived in post-classical times, first by the Tang and Song and later by the Mongols. | 16 | |
| 4407305266 | Sui Dynasty | 1. After centuries of turmoil following the Han Dynasty, the Sui emerged to restore peace and order. 2. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. 3. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of the defensive walls; most elaborate project was the Grand Canal. 4. Grand Canal: a series of artificial waterways that connected Hangzhou to Chang'an (almost 2,000 kilometers); said to be forty paces wide with service roads running on either side. These waterways accounted for large expenditures from the government treasury; money came from taxes and dividends from Grand Canal, which linked northern and southern economies; the people of China reaped its benefits for years to come. 5. 610's: Rebellions broke out in norther China. 6. 618: Emperor Sui Yangdi was assassinated and dynasty ended. | 17 | |
| 4407305267 | Tang Dynasty | 1. Restored peace and stability after the fall of the Sui dynasty. 2. Second emperor, Tang Taizong (627-649), saw himself as a Confucian ruler. His successes led to the belief that this period was unusually prosperous and peaceful. He built impressive capital at Chang'an. 3. Maintained the empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. 4. Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept property out of the hands of wealthy elite. 5. Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determine through a series of civili service examinations. 6. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea, and the northern part of Vietnam. | 18 | |
| 4407305268 | Song Dynasty | 1. Followed the Tang dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of distrust of military leaders- focused on civil service exams (based on Confucian philosophy), industry, and the arts. 2. Financial problems faced by the SOng: bureaucracy too big. 3. Military problems: scholar-bureaucrats' limited experience led Song to military failures. | 19 | |
| 4407305269 | Technological Development of Tang and Song Dynasties | 1. Advances were made possible as a result of abundant food supplies. 2. High-quality porcelain- produced as a result of firing with galzes- became utensils and works of art; later diffused into other societies. 3. Metallurgical technologies: Iron and steel were made stronger by using coke, instead of coal, under higher furnace temperatures. 4. Military advances: Gunpowder (a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter, sulfur, and arsenic) was ultimately used effectively in military battles. 5. Printing technology: Thanks to moveable type, texts were produced faster, cheaper, and in greater quantities. | 20 | |
| 4407305270 | Neo-Confucianism | 1. Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism. 2. Scholars of the Song dynasty combined their studies of Confucian beliefs with the writings of Buddhism; continuation of civil service examination staffed government positions. 3. Buddhism was appealing because it incorporated logical thought with such issues as nature, the soul, and the relationship between the individual and the cosmos. 4. Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200) wrote Family Ritual, a detailed set of instructions for weddings, funerals, and other family ceremonies, stressing appropriate personal behavior for social harmony. 5. Neo-Confucianism is important because it shows Buddhism's lasting influence on Chinese society and throughout East Asia. | 21 | |
| 4407305271 | Ming Dynasty | 1. Emperor Hongwu established the Ming ("brilliant") dynasty, following the Yuan dynasty, in 1368; his immediate goal was to remove all signs of Mongol rule. 2. Hongwu centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor. He reestablished a civil service system based on Confucian values to ensure promotion of scholar bureaucrats on the basis of ability, not favors. 3. Society was based on strict adherence to rules established by the Ming government. 4. Power of the central government was increased through the use of eunuchs (sterile men who could not produce a family to challenge the dynasty) and mandarins (emissaries sent out to enforce government policies). 5. Economic recovery: rebuilt irrigation systems led to agricultural surplus, promoted production of manufactured goods: porcelain, silk, and cotton; demanded tribute from surrounding states. | 22 | |
| 4407305272 | Zheng He | 1. An Islamic eunuch admiral who led seven exploratory voyages for Ming China from 1405 to 1433, commanding an extensive naval fleet. 2. Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabis, and the East African coast, where he established tributary relationships. 3. Brought porcelain and silk from China; luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included animals from Africa, which went to the Ming dynasty zoo. 4. Ming emperor abruptly pulled funds from Zheng He's expeditions because the government was concerned about domestic problems and frontier security. They did not trust Zheng He and thought the funds would be better spent on agriculture and protecting themselves from Mongol invasions from the north. They destroyed his nautical charts and allowed ships to fall into a state of disrepair. 5. Zheng He's voyages demonstrated China's ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean. | 23 | |
| 4407305273 | Porcelain | 1. A delicate, yet durable ceramic made of clay. 2. Although it was likely produced during the Later Han period, it was during the Tang dynasty that production was mastered and it became a luxury product in high demand in the Islamic world. 3. The Tang had a complete monopoly as the world's only producer and supplier. 4. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), a blue and white style was developed. | 24 | |
| 4407305274 | Ming Dynasty: Social and Cultural Changes | 1. The revival of the civil service exam encouraged the creation of an extensive scholar-bureaucracy class, which was responsible for much of the governance of the empire. 2. The restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the subordination of women, and in many ways women's lives were even more tightly controlled than previously. 3. Widows were strongly discouraged from remarrying, and foot binding became increasingly more popular and filtered down to the lower classes. 4. The Yongle Encyclopedia collection of Chinese philosophy, literature, and history was recorded. 5. The Chinese novel's gain in popularity led to an increase in literacy. | 25 | |
| 4407305275 | Ming Economic Growth | 1. Economic policies regulated interaction with outsiders and led to an increase in commercial activity, as well as an increase in population. 2. New food crops, particularly foods from the Americas such as maize and peanuts, were suitable to the Chinese landscape and over time led to a population increase. 3. Overseas trade became more extensive, particularly as the demands for Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain increased. 4. European merchants, as well as Muslim and Asian traders, traded in China's two main port cities. 5. The Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power. 6, The prosperity of the Ming period was reflected in the arts and literature; calligraphy and landscape art are still highly valued. | 26 | |
| 4407305276 | Single Whip Tax System | 1. A policy put forth by the Ming in the 1570's requiring a single national tax be paid in the form of silver, including those taxes paid by tributary states. 2. This change in policy had global implications, as China now had to fulfill the demand for silver. 3. Silver made its way into China from both Japan and the Americas, resulting in enormous profits for both Spain and Japan. | 27 | |
| 4407305277 | The Great Wall | 1. A stone and brick fortification in the north of China built to protect China from outside invasion. 2. Although construction of a defensive wall began in the 4th century BCE under Shi Huangdi, it was completed under the Ming (in large response to the Mongol invasion of the previous period). 3. The wall generally prevented attacks; only when the empire was suffering internally were outsider able to go beyond the wall and invade. | 28 | |
| 4407305278 | Forbidden City | 1. Located in modern-day Beijing, it was the capital of the Ming and Qing empires. 2. An imperial city containing hundreds of buildings, courtyards, and halls. 3. Members of the imperial family, the emperor's concubines, and court eunuchs were the only people allowed in the Inner Court. 4. The lavishness and size of the city reflected the power and authority of the empire. | 29 | |
| 4407305279 | Qing Dynasty | 1. Manhcus from the north, non-Han peoples, invaded China and claimed the "Mandate of Heaven" in 1644 and ruled until 1911. 2. Manchu rulers were taught Confucian beliefs and applied these principles to governing China. 3. The Qing, following the political example of the Ming, ruled through a highly-centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats. 4. The Qing were patrons of the arts and also were responsible expanding the empire. 5. Under the Qing, trade with foreigners increased, particularly for Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain increased; in this period, the Qing were able to maintain favorable balance of trade. | 30 | |
| 4407305280 | Taiping Rebellion (1850's-1860's) | 1. A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty. 2. The Taiping offered a new vision of China that included the redistribution of land, public education, and rights for women. 3. Although thew were successful in gaining supporters and even capturing Nanjing, the rebellion ultimately ended at tremendous cost of life. 4. The Qing organized a powerful army and had the support of the scholar-gentry, the class most threatened by the Taiping reforms. 5. Although the rebellion failed, the destruction and death it caused were massive and forced the Qing to make reform' the most well-known was called the self-strengthening movement. | 31 | |
| 4407305281 | Self-Strengthening Movement | 1. Following the signing of a series of unequal treaties and a number of internal rebellion in the 19th century, the Qing enacted a series of reforms. 2. The reforms focused on the introduction of Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation. 3. The reforms had limited success; China remained an agraria-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought. | 32 | |
| 4407305282 | Spheres of Influence | 1. Areas of economic influence/control. 2. Several were established in China in the 19th century; at first foreigners took advantage of a weakened China and seized control of China's tributary states( for example, France took control of Vietnam in 1885). 3. Eventually Western powers, including Germany and France, gaines exclusive trading rights within China. 4. In response to the presence of foreigners in the nation, Chinese nationalism increased as evidenced by the increased internal rebellion, most notably the Boxer rebellion. | 33 | |
| 4407305283 | Boxer Rebellion | 1. An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence. 2. The Boxers had imperial support for their efforts, which included attacking and killig foreigners and Chinese Christians. 3. Following their attempt to gain control of foreign embassies in Beijing, foreign forces moved quickly to put down the rebellion. 4. The defeat of the Boxers allowed foreigners to gain even more concession from the Qing; China had to pay for damages to foreign-held property. 5. The rebellion further weakened the ruling family, who within a decade would be overthrown by Chinese nationalists. | 34 | |
| 4407305284 | Fall of the Qing | 1. Despite the Qing's enacting of a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China. 2. Nationalism had been on the rise, and following the death of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the nation was poised for revolution. 3. In 1912, the last Qing ruler abdicated, and Chinese nationalists called for a new government. 4. Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary leader who envisioned a China free of foreigners and based on republican rule, was poised to take control. | 35 | |
| 4407305285 | Chinese Revolution, 1911 | 1. A revolution in 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor of China and the end of the Qing Empire. 2. The overthrow of the existing government came as a result of the rise of the revolutionary and nationalistic feelings across China. 3. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a Western-educated reformer, led a revolutionary movement based on the Three Prinviples of the People and in 1912 declared a Chinese Republic. 4. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was president of the new republic, bu the new government lacked stability as soon the nation was involved in a civil war. | 36 | |
| 4407305286 | Twenty-one Demands | 1. In 1915, Japan, at war with Germany, invaded German-held territory in one of China's provinces. 2. Despite China's request that Japan withdraw, Japan issued a secret ultimatum, the Twenty-one Demands, to the Chinese governments in hopes of securing control over China. 3. If accepted, the Twenty-one Demands would give Japan economic and military control over China. 4. Although China did not give in to all the demans, in large part thanks to British intervention, China ultimately agreed to many of them, including giving control of the Manchurian railroads to Japan. 5. Although Chinese control was restored in 1921, it was clear the Japan's desire to establish hegemony in Asia was a goal they would continue to pursue. | 37 | |
| 4407305287 | Mukden Incident (Manchurian Incident) | 1. Occurred in Manchuria in September 1931, when Japanese troops blew up part of the South Manchurian Railway. 2. Japan accused China of sabotage and used the incident as a pretext to annex Manchuria. 3. By 1932, Japanese troops gaines control of Manchuria and established a puppet state in the region. 4. The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions; japan responded by withdrawing from the League. 5. Following its withdrawal from the League, Japan began to aggressively pursue a militaristic and expansionist policy and in 1937 launched a full-scale invasion of China. | 38 | |
| 4407305288 | Japanese Invasion of China (1937) | 1. Japan launched a full-scales invasion of China in hopes of gaining control of China's extensive natural resources. 2. Japan quickly gained control of northern and eastern China. 3. The international community condemned the attack but was ill-prepared to stop it. 4. Japan faced little opposition in China until well after the start of World War II; withe US entry onto the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japan was forced to redirect its efforts to protect its empire throughout the Pacific. | 39 | |
| 4407305289 | Rape of Nanking | 1. Following Japan's invasion of mainland China in 1937, China experienced mass death and suffering; Japan began aerial bombing of major Chinese cities (especially Shanghai, where people died by the thousands). 2. Japanese troops, fueled by racial superiority, extreme nationalism, and the fervor of war, unleashed and attack on Nanking. Over two months, Japanese soldiers murdered thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, raped an estimated 7,000 women, and burned a third of the homes. 3. An estimated 400,000 people were killed either by Japanese bayonets or from being machine-gunned into open pits. | 40 | |
| 4407305290 | Chinese Civil War | 1. A conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist parties. 2. The Qing dynasty had been overthrown in 1911, and Sun Yat-sen emerged as the leader of the new Chinese republic. 3. Sun Yat-sen's party, the Kuomintang (the Nationalist People's Party), promoted the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and livelihood. 4. In 1934 the communists retreated; during the Long March they traveled over 6,000 miles before settling in northwestern China, spreading their ideas along the way. 5. During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the communists. 6. During World War II, the civil war was suspended in an effort to fight the Japanese invasion. 7. After World War II ended, the cvili war resumed and the People's Liberation Army, the army of the Communist Party, quickly seized control. 8. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China, a communist nation; the Nationalists fled to nearby Taiwan. 9. China remains a communist nation; the Nationalists still control Taiwan. | 41 | |
| 4407305291 | Mao Zedong | 1. A nationalist leader in China, he successfully defeated the Kuomintang in a civil war in large measure because of the support of the peasants. 2. Influenced by Marxist ideology, China became the world's largest communist nation, and Mao sought to make it a moder, industrialized nation. 3. The Great Leap Forward was a five-year plan aimed at increasing industrial production and agricultural output; communed and production quotas were established. 4. The Great Leap Forward failed: quotas were not met, products were of poor quality, and little incentive existed to work hard; agricultural output actually declined. 5. Next Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution, aimed at renewing/restoring communist loyalty following the disaster of the Great Leap Forward. 6. Mao created policies to improve the status of women, including banning the ancient practice of foot binding. 7. After Mao's death in 1976, a new, more moderate leader emerged. | 42 | |
| 4407305292 | Cultural Revolution | 1. Known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, it was launched in China in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to seek out and silence opposition to Mao's leadership and his vision of communism. 2. A common target of persecution was China's elite- the intellectuals, educators, and professionals- because of their perceived bourgeoisie leanings and foreign sympathies. 3. Millions of people were publicly humiliated. jailed, or killed. 4. Contributed to increased instability in the nation and discouraged China from advancing socially or economically. 5. After Mao's death in 1976, the revolution was ended, and China's next leader, Deng Xiaoping, adopted more moderate policies in an attempt to bring back stability to the country. | 43 | |
| 4407305293 | Red Guards | 1. Red Guards were mostly young students trained in Marxist thought who sought out opposition to Mao and his policies. 2. Red Guards were given authority to rid China of the opposition during the Cultural Revolution. 3. A common target of persecution was China's elite- the intellectuals, educators, and professionals- because of their perceived bourgeoisie leanings and foreign sympathies. | 44 | |
| 4407305294 | Deng Xiaoping | 1. 1976: Replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms but little in extension of individual political rights. 2. Four Modernizations: In an attempt to promote trade and contact with the West, Deng introduced reforms in the areas of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense. 3. Deng reformed land distribution and allowed private ownership after government needs were met. Private businesses helped China's economy but also led to an increasing gap between rich and poor. 4. Deng encouraged foreign investments of technology and capital. 5. Tiananmen Square (1989): Chinese students peacefully protested lack of political freedoms. On Deng's order the government opened fire on defenseless citizens and killed or wounded thousands. This was a demonstration of the importance that government placed on maintaining order; Deng, as a moderate leader, was willing to make economic reforms, but not political ones. | 45 | |
| 4407305295 | Mr. Spaulding | not Chinese not a troll not a slave-driver |  | 46 |
