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| 5832893253 | Agricultural Theory | one theory of the diffusion of Indo-European Language; began in Central Turkey and spread 11 miles per generation (approx 25 years) because of agricultural technology (everyone learned Indo-European language in order to learn how to use the new technology); this theory agrees with the Renfrew (Anatolian) hypothesis | 0 | |
| 5832893254 | Basque | A group of people who live in the mountainous region of Spain that speak Euskara that want to separate from Spain due to their language difference | 1 | |
| 5832893255 | Caucasian | describes the languages and people that are surrounded by the Caucus Mountains; limited spatial interaction due to the mountain range preserves their languages | 2 | |
| 5832893256 | Conquest Theory | Theory that has the most support in the community and it also supports the Kurgan Hypothesis; believes that Indo-European began in Ukraine and the peoples settled in this area were the first to ride horses which allowed them to conquer other peoples easily thus spread Indo-European | 3 | |
| 5832893257 | Creole Language | a pidgin language that have developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people | 4 | |
| 5832893258 | Dialect | reflect the ordinary speech of subdivisions of the population - in certain areas, social, or professional groups, even gender; determined by vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace variations of standard languages along regional or ethnic lines | 5 | |
| 5832893259 | Diffusion Barriers to Language | Mountain ranges, oceans, government policies etc/ Physical features that hinder the spread of language | 6 | |
| 5832893260 | Euskara | language spoken by the Basque; has no known ancestors or related languages | 7 | |
| 5832893261 | Extinct language | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer needed | 8 | |
| 5832893262 | Indo-European Family | The largest language family in the world; includes English, Italian, European languages, and Hindi) found in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, parts of Russia, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Asia | 9 | |
| 5832893264 | Language | An organized system of signs, sounds, or gestures by which people communicate with each other | 10 | |
| 5832893265 | Language Branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family. | 11 | |
| 5832893266 | Language Convergence | When people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one | 12 | |
| 5832893267 | Language Divergence | When a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks a language into dialects and new languages | 13 | |
| 5832893268 | Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. | 14 | |
| 5832893269 | Language Family | Languages related to each other by an ancestral language ex: Indo-European | 15 | |
| 5832893270 | Lingua Franca | A language used among speakers of mutually unintelligible languages for the purposes of trade and commerce, and often for religious, government, legal or scholarship purposes Ex: English (the largest one), Swahili, and Mandarin Chinese | 16 | |
| 5832893271 | Monolingual | societies that use one language ex: Japan, Venezuela, Portugal, Poland, and Iceland | 17 | |
| 5832893272 | Official Language | In multilingual countries the language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government | 18 | |
| 5832893273 | Orthography | the conventional spelling system of a language. | 19 | |
| 5832893274 | Multilingualism | A state or person that speaks more than one language | 20 | |
| 5832893276 | Pidgin Language | A language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary; no set rules of grammar or syntax and not really written | 21 | |
| 5832893277 | Pidgin | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. | 22 | |
| 5832893279 | Protolanguage (not in language) | ancestor language to a language | 23 | |
| 5832893281 | Romance Languages | languages that are all related to a common ancestor (Latin) ex: Portugese, French, Spanish, Romanian, Italian | 24 | |
| 5832893282 | Khoisan (not in book) | The once dominant language family in Africa; languages were made up of a series of clicks; was replaced by Niger-Congo language family | 25 | |
| 5832893283 | Speech Community | A group of people that speak a common language | 26 | |
| 5832893284 | English Received Pronunciation | also known as the "King's English", "Oxford English" and "BBC English" it is the proper dialect of English in England | 27 | |
| 5832893285 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs (occurrence line) | 28 | |
| 5832893286 | Standard Language | accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation; it is a dialect that is chosen to be a standard and purposefully taught | 29 | |
| 5832893287 | Toponym | The study of names of places like towns, cities, states, countries, stadiums, streets etc. | 30 | |
| 5832893288 | Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people | 31 | |
| 5832893289 | Linguistic Geography | the study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions | 32 | |
| 5832893290 | Backward Reconstruction | working backwards to figure out where words and languages come from | 33 | |
| 5832893291 | Afro-Asiatic Language Family | found in Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Jordan, Iraq, Syria,Sudan, Mali, Niger, Morocco, Ethiopia, Somalia, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Israel, Lebanon and parts of Nigeria, Kenya, and Central African Republic; third largest language family | 34 | |
| 5832893292 | Bantu Family | Similar to the click languages (Khoisan family) and is a major branch of the Niger-Congo Language Family | 35 | |
| 5832893293 | Esperanto | Language created by Zamenhof that would be universal and transcend all nationalities | 36 | |
| 5832893294 | Sino-Tibetan Language Family | Found in China, Burma, Thailand, Bhutan, and parts of Nepal | 37 | |
| 5832893295 | Geographic (Regional) Dialect | a language variant marked by spatial or regional vocabulary grammar and pronunciation differences Ex: North and South regions of the US | 38 | |
| 5832893296 | Social Dialect | A dialect which is shaped by factors such as the socio-economic class, gender, age, education, and occupation of the speakers. | 39 | |
| 5832893297 | Ideogram | a written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it, e.g., numerals and Chinese characters. | 40 | |
| 5832893298 | Isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family | 41 | |
| 5832893299 | Literary Tradition | A language that is written as well as spoken | 42 | |
| 5832893300 | Trade Language | a restructured language (as a lingua franca or pidgin) used especially in commercial communication. | 43 | |
| 5832903334 | France | made the Academie Francaise to help protect the french language | 44 | |
| 5832905312 | Belgium | french in south and flemish in north brussels= bilingual | 45 | |
| 5832907317 | Quebec | wants independence all businesses must be able to run in french | 46 | |
| 5832910527 | Mutual intelligibility | two people can understand each other rejected by geographers as definition of a language (chinese) | 47 | |
| 5832916398 | Cadence | rhythm of speech | 48 | |
| 5832923846 | Sino-Tibetan | chinese area | 49 | |
| 5832925693 | Dialect chains | dialects nearest to each other will be the most similar | 50 | |
| 5832926556 | Hans Kurath | atlases of dialects in USA (north, south...) | 51 | |
| 5832929184 | Bert Vaux | maps of soda pop coke and hero sub poor-boy | 52 | |
| 5832935010 | Sound Shift | slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family | 53 | |
| 5832939744 | deep reconstruction | deducing a part of vocab of an extinct language and then recreating the language preceding it | 54 | |
| 5832945737 | Dispersal Hypothesis | PIE first carried to SE Asia then across Russia-Ukrainian plains to the Balkans | 55 | |
| 5832949249 | Romance languages | french, spanish, italian, romanian, portugese areas controlled by roman empire latin ancestors | 56 | |
| 5832952116 | Germanic languages | english, german, danish, norwegian, swedish | 57 | |
| 5832954717 | Slavic languages | russian, polish, czech, slovak, ukrainian, slovenian, serbo-croatian, bulgarian | 58 | |
| 5832959462 | Nigeria | official language english but english taught in schools becomes useless in everyday life too many different languages: Hausa north, Yoruba SW, Ibo SE | 59 | |
| 5832966960 | Gutenberg | allowed languages to become standard bibles | 60 | |
| 5832971350 | Monolingual States | countries where almost everyone speaks the same language japan, uruguay, iceland, denmark, portugal, poland, Lesotho no true monolingual country | 61 | |
| 5832981056 | Multilingual states | canada belgium india | 62 | |
| 5832984470 | Global language | common language of trade and commerce around the world | 63 | |
| 5832985769 | Place | unique location and constitutes a reflection of human activities, ideas, and tangible creations | 64 | |
| 5832990224 | Toponyms | place names | 65 | |
| 5832993508 | George stewart | 10 basic types of toponyms | 66 | |
| 5832995486 | Descriptive toponyms | rocky mountains | 67 | |
| 5832998497 | Commendatory toponyms | paradise valley | 68 | |
| 5833000245 | Possession Toponyms | Johnson city | 69 | |
| 5833001435 | Shift names | relocated names (Lancaster england and lancaster PA) | 70 | |
| 5833008358 | Postcolonial toponyms | with independence comes toponym changes | 71 | |
| 5833011170 | Postrevolution toponyms | soviet union (when it was made and collapsed), africa | 72 | |
| 5833014453 | Memorial toponyms | MLK street | 73 | |
| 5833016441 | Commodifying | buying, selling, trading | 74 | |
| 5833017342 | commodification toponyms | tokyo, paris disneyland and stadiums (FedEx field) | 75 |
