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| 9290353806 | Byzantium | An ancient Greek city on the Bosporus and the sea of Marmora. | 0 | |
| 9290353807 | Corpus Juris Civilis | The body of roman or civil law consolidated by Justinian in the 6th century ad. | 1 | |
| 9290357939 | Byzantine Empire | The eastern roman empire after the fall of the western empire. | 2 | |
| 9290362340 | Justinian I "The Great" | The byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians and reconquered former roman territories. | 3 | |
| 9290362341 | Crusades | Series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 4 | |
| 9290364838 | Normans | Member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066. | 5 | |
| 9290369615 | Slavs | A member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages. | 6 | |
| 9290369616 | Viking | A member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages | 7 | |
| 9290369617 | Rus | Russian. | 8 | |
| 9294647072 | Hagia Sophia | A 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453 | 9 | |
| 9290376790 | Leo III | Byzantine emperor (717-741), who founded the Isaurian dynasty, successfully resisted Arab invasions. | 10 | |
| 9294647073 | iconoclastic | A person who attacks beliefs or institutions | 11 | |
| 9290380415 | theocracy | A system of government in which priest's rule in the name of God or a god. | 12 | |
| 9293789855 | patriach | The male head of a family or tribe | 13 | |
| 9293789856 | monasteries | A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows. | 14 | |
| 9293791603 | Cyril | Slavin written script | 15 | |
| 9293791604 | schism | division of a group into opposing factions | 16 | |
| 9293793382 | Eastern Orthodox Church | The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities. | 17 | |
| 9293793383 | theme system | system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general | 18 | |
| 9293793384 | Cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 19 | |
| 9293795812 | illuminated manuscripts | works written by monks | 20 | |
| 9293802617 | Hippodrome | Built by Justinian; A huge stadium; Held athletic events and games | 21 | |
| 9293802618 | Oleg | Slavic name meaning holy/sacred; Viking ruler | 22 | |
| 9293802619 | Kievan Rus | A collection of city-states, which could govern themselves if they paid tribute to the main ruler | 23 | |
| 9293803950 | boyars | Nobles; Ruling Kievan Rus was a council of nobles | 24 | |
| 9293805947 | Prince Vladimir I "The Great" | The first great leader of the Golden Age, who oversaw the conversion of Kievan Rus to Christianity | 25 | |
| 9293805948 | Constantinople | Capital of Byzantine Empire (Renamed in honor of the emperor) | 26 | |
| 9293808704 | Bosporus Strait | The narrow body of water that connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara | 27 | |
| 9293903327 | Abbasid | of or relating to a dynasty of caliphs who ruled in Baghdad from 750 to 1258 | 28 | |
| 9293955687 | Baghdad | a city in and the capital of Iraq, in the central part, on the Tigris. | 29 | |
| 9293957487 | viziers | a high official in some Muslim countries, especially in Turkey under Ottoman rule. | 30 | |
| 9293958827 | Seljuk Turks | noting or pertaining to any of several Turkish dynasties that ruled over large parts of Asia from the 11th to the 13th centuries. | 31 | |
| 9293958828 | sultan | a Muslim sovereign | 32 | |
| 9294012488 | Mamluks | meaning "property", is an Arabic designation for slaves. | 33 | |
| 9293963047 | Cordoba | City in Spain | 34 | |
| 9294013802 | Battle of Tours | France, Frankish leader Charles Martel, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe. | 35 | |
| 9294045450 | Muhammad | The Arab founder of Islam. Held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. | 36 | |
| 9294045451 | Bedouins | a nomadic Arab of the desert. | 37 | |
| 9294045452 | polygamy | the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time | 38 | |
| 9294045453 | Allah | Christianity. The Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians | 39 | |
| 9294047288 | Mecca | Mecca is defined as a city in Saudi Arabia that Muslims consider to be a holy city in Islam | 40 | |
| 9294047289 | Quran | The sacred text of Islam, considered by Muslims to contain the revelations of God to Muhammad. | 41 | |
| 9294047290 | Medina | the old Arab or non-European quarter of a North African town. | 42 | |
| 9294047323 | Ka'aba | a cube-shaped building in Mecca, the most sacred Muslim, which is built the black stone believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham. Muslims turn in its direction when praying | 43 | |
| 9294049522 | People of the Book | the abrahamic peeps // Jews and Christians as regarded by Muslims. | 44 | |
| 9294051219 | Five Pillars | The foundation of Islam: profession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, almsgiving, and pilgrimage or hajj. | 45 | |
| 9294051220 | jihad | Imposed spiritual and moral obligation on Muslims by requiring them to combat vice and evil. Calls Muslims to struggle against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word of Islam and seeking converts. | 46 | |
| 9294051221 | Ramadan | The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset | 47 | |
| 9294051222 | shariah | Islamic law, emerged during the centuries after Muhammad and offered detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life. | 48 | |
| 9294053279 | Abu Bakr | Most devoted disciples selected by Muhammad advisors to serve as caliph (deputy). Led the Umma as lieutenants or substitute for Muhammad. Became head of state for Islamic community as well as chief judge, religious leader, and military commander. | 49 | |
| 9294055817 | Caliph | The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. | 50 | |
| 9294057734 | Ali (Muhammad's Son-in-law) | a candidate for caliph when the prophet died. Served briefly as the fourth caliph. But his enemies assassinated him, along with some of his relatives. | 51 | |
| 9294067096 | Sunnis | Traditionalists, the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs. | 52 | |
| 9294068465 | Shias | Islam minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali | 53 | |
| 9294068466 | Dar al-Islam | The house of Islam, a term for the Islamic world. | 54 | |
| 9294071004 | Umayyad Dynasty | Arabic dynasty with its capital at Damascus, marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and india in the east. | 55 | |
| 9294071005 | imam | The person who leads prayers in a mosque | 56 | |
| 9294071006 | dhows | Indian, Persian, and Arab ships one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian ocean basin. | 57 | |
| 9294071106 | Alhambra | The complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra , is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. | 58 | |
| 9294073217 | Omar Khayyam | A Persian polymath, scholar, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and poet considered to be one of the most influential thinker. | 59 | |
| 9294078000 | Rubaiyat | Quatrains, famous poetry of Omar Khayyam that was later translated by Edward Fitzgerald. | 60 | |
| 9294078001 | female infanticide | The deliberate killing of newborn female children. | 61 | |
| 9294078002 | dowries | Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage. | 62 | |
| 9294078003 | hijab | A veil worn by Muslim women in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family, usually covering the head and chest. | 63 | |
| 9294080106 | Sufis | Islamic mystic who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rule. | 64 | |
| 9294080107 | Congo River | the second largest river in the world by discharge; essential to Trans-Saharan trade | 65 | |
| 9294082091 | Ibn Battuta | a medieval Moroccan traveler and scholar, who is widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers of all time. | 66 | |
| 9294082092 | camel saddle | A saddle used on camels for their use in transportation | 67 | |
| 9294084930 | eunuchs | a man who has been castrated, especially (in the past) one employed to guard the women's living areas at an oriental court. | 68 | |
| 9294087052 | Ali bin Muhammad | leader of the Zanj Rebellion | 69 | |
| 9294125451 | Zanj Rebellion | the insurrection is traditionally believed to have involved enslaved blacks (Zanj) that had originally been captured from the East African coast and transported to the Middle East. | 70 | |
| 9294125452 | griots | the storytellers in the ancient kingdom of Ghana. | 71 | |
| 9294127141 | Indian Ocean trade | a key factor in East-West exchanges throughout history; long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. | 72 | |
| 9294127142 | trans-Saharan trade | trade across the Sahara to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast, Europe and the Levant. | 73 | |
| 9294129283 | Timbuktu | a historical city in the West African nation of Mali, which flourished from the trade of salt, gold, ivory, and slaves. | 74 | |
| 9294129284 | Gao | a city in Mali and the capital of the Gao Region; it was an important commercial center involved in the trans-Saharan trade. | 75 | |
| 9294129285 | Kilwa | a community on an island off the southern coast of present-day Tanzania in eastern Africa; Kilwa's exports were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, aromatic gums, gold and slaves; seized control over the trade of gold at Sofala. | 76 | |
| 9294131020 | Swahili city-states | trade routes extended from Somalia to Tanzania into modern day Zaire, along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders. | 77 | |
| 9294133060 | Mombasa | home to Kenya's only large seaport, the Kilindini Harbour | 78 | |
| 9294133061 | Zanj Coast | was a name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast), and to the area's Bantu inhabitants. | 79 | |
| 9294135839 | Matrilineal descent | a system in which an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother; contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent | 80 | |
| 9294135840 | kin-based networks | A network in which society in organized by individual families. | 81 | |
| 9294138559 | Kongo Kingdom | Central African state that began trading for the Portuguese around 1500; kings converted into Christianity; suffered from slave trade. | 82 | |
| 9294138560 | Ghana | kingdom in west Africa during the 5th - 13th century whose leaders converted to Islam; power and wealth based on control of the trans-Saharan trade. | 83 | |
| 9294138561 | Mali | West African kingdom founded in the 13th century by Sundiata; reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. | 84 | |
| 9294138562 | Sundiata | founder of the Mali kingdom, | 85 | |
| 9294141646 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of the Mali empire (r. 1312 - 1337), led the empire to its peak. | 86 | |
| 9294144091 | Mecca | a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia; Islam's holiest city as it's the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammed and the religion | 87 | |
| 9294144093 | Songhay | a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th centuries; at peak, it was one of the largest states in African history | 88 | |
| 9294148074 | Great Zimbabwe | Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the fifteenth century. | 89 | |
| 9294150084 | Equal-Field system | system of land ownership and distribution in China used from the Six Dynasties to mid-Tang dynasty | 90 | |
| 9294179453 | fast-ripening rice | ripens twice a year, which allowed farmers to harvest more crops. allowed China's population to expand | 91 | |
| 9294181139 | proto-industrialization | a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies | 92 | |
| 9294191212 | flying cash | Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China. | 93 | |
| 9294191213 | paper money | legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins | 94 | |
| 9294191214 | magnetic compass | compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north | 95 | |
| 9294192556 | rudder | a flat piece, usually of wood, metal, or plastic, hinged vertically near the stern of a boat or ship for steering. | 96 | |
| 9294192557 | Chinese junk | a type of ancient Chinese sailing ship that is still in use today. Junks were used as seagoing vessels as early as the 2nd century AD and developed rapidly during the Song dynasty (960-1279 | 97 | |
| 9294194115 | wood-block printing | technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China | 98 | |
| 9294194116 | Nuclear family | consisting of an individual, his or her spouse, and their children. | 99 | |
| 9294195680 | sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam | 100 | |
| 9294195681 | polygyny | polygamy in which a man has more than one wife. | 101 | |
| 9294197814 | Xuanxang | that traveling buddhist dude // young Buddhist monk who decided to go to India and visit the holy sites of Buddhism and learn about his faith | 102 | |
| 9294200436 | scholar gentry | chinese class created by the marital approach; based on use of logic to resolve theological probelms | 103 | |
| 9294200437 | daimyo | Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates | 104 | |
| 9294200491 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 105 | |
| 9294205403 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 106 | |
| 9294207717 | Tang Dynasty | dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria | 107 | |
| 9294207718 | Middle kingdom | refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and Earth | 108 | |
| 9294207758 | Silla Kingdom | Independent Korean kingdom in the southeast part of the peninsula defeated Koguryo with the help of their Chinese Tang allies | 109 | |
| 9294210513 | tributary system | branch that flows into the main stream | 110 | |
| 9294212432 | Song Dynasty | 960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; | 111 | |
| 9294214974 | Tang Taizong | (627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty | 112 | |
| 9294237850 | Song Taizu | reigned 960-976 C.E.; a junior military officer and was known for his honesty and effectiveness and in 960 his troops proclaimed him emperor | 113 | |
| 9294237851 | Chang'an | ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an | 114 | |
| 9294239280 | Yuan Dynasty | Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) | 115 | |
| 9294239281 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia | 116 | |
| 9294241199 | Minamoto clan | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th-century Japan | 117 | |
| 9294244134 | shogon | the supreme military commander of Japan | 118 | |
| 9294246461 | samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 119 | |
| 9294256809 | guerilla warfare | a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes | 120 | |
| 9294259261 | Kowtow | a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission | 121 | |
| 9294259262 | Uighurs | A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. | 122 | |
| 9294261904 | foot binding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; | 123 | |
| 9294261905 | Li Bo | Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. | 124 | |
| 9294261906 | Du Fu | poet known for formal writing and social injustice | 125 | |
| 9294264949 | Chan (Zen) Buddhism | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society | 126 | |
| 9294264950 | Neo Confucianism | he resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 127 | |
| 9294267236 | Shotoku Taishi | Japanese statesman (572-622) who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on China | 128 | |
| 9294267237 | Taiki Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. | 129 | |
| 9294269573 | Nara | Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence. | 130 | |
| 9294269574 | Heian | A period in time where cultural development took place. Japan's ideas, traditions, and culture, was influence by Chinese cultures. | 131 | |
| 9294269575 | bushido | the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai | 132 | |
| 9294294548 | Dar al-Islam | the area of the world under the rule of Islam, literally, "the home of Islam" or "the home of submission." This is often used by extremists to include areas that used to be part of the Muslim world such as Al-Andalus (Spain) as well as the Muslim world. | 133 | |
| 9294294549 | Chola Kingdom | one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. The earliest datable references to this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE left by Ashoka, of the Maurya Empire. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 13th century CE. | 134 | |
| 9294296918 | Mahmud of Ghazni | most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He conquered the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) from 997 to his death in 1030. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazna into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan, by looting the riches and wealth from the then Indian subcontinent. | 135 | |
| 9294296919 | Punjab | a state in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. | 136 | |
| 9294298970 | Delhi Sultanate | a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206-1526). Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of which were of Turkic origin: the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90); the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). | 137 | |
| 9294298971 | Delhi | a city and a union territory of India. It is bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east. It is the most expansive city in India—about 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi). Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE. | 138 | |
| 9294298972 | raja | a title for a monarch or princely ruler in South and Southeast Asia. | 139 | |
| 9294302090 | Khmers | a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of country's 15.2 million people. They speak the Khmer language, which is part of the larger Austroasiatic language family found throughout eastern and central India and Bangladesh, in Southeast Asia, South China and numerous islands in the Indian Ocean. | 140 | |
| 9294302091 | Angkor Kingdom | (Khmer Empire) the predecessor state to modern Cambodia ("Kampuchea" or "Srok Khmer" to the Khmer people), was a powerful Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former kingdoms of Funan and Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised most of mainland Southeast Asia, parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, and southern Vietnam. | 141 | |
| 9294304306 | Melaka | dubbed "The Historic State", is a state in Malaysia and located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca. | 142 | |
| 9294304307 | proselytizing religion | : the attempt of any religion or religious individuals to convert people to their beliefs, or any attempt to convert people to a different point of view, religious or not. | 143 | |
| 9294306172 | Sufis | Muslim ascetics and mystics. | 144 | |
| 9294852102 | Ramayana | an ancient Indian epic poem which narrates the struggle of the divine prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Along with the Mahabharata, it forms the Sanskrit Itihasa. | 145 | |
| 9294309203 | Mahabharata | an epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or purusharthas. Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. | 146 | |
| 9294309204 | Angkor Wat | a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world, with the site measuring 162.6 hectares. It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple of god Vishnu for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple toward the end of the 12th century.[2] It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. | 147 | |
| 9294311020 | Indian Ocean Basin | the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern | 148 | |
| 9294311021 | Ocean Calicut | also known as Kozhikode, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. It is the largest urban area in the state and 195th largest urban area in the world. | 149 | |
| 9294313084 | Spice Islands | an archipelago within Indonesia. They have been known as the Spice Islands due to the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were originally found only there, and the presence of these sparked colonial interest from Europe in the 16th century. | 150 | |
| 9294315372 | King Clovis | Clovis was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler. | 151 | |
| 9294315373 | Charles Martel | A Frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace. | 152 | |
| 9294318252 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks and united a large part of Europe during the early Middle Ages. | 153 | |
| 9294318253 | Empress Wu | A Chinese sovereign who ruled unofficially as empress consort and empress dowager | 154 | |
| 9294318254 | Otto I | German king from 936 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 until his death in 973. | 155 | |
| 9294319852 | William the Conqueror | First Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. | 156 | |
| 9294319853 | Franks | A group of Germanic tribes that inhabited the land between the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD. | 157 | |
| 9294321863 | Carolingian Dynasty | A Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. | 158 | |
| 9294321886 | Holy Roman Empire | A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. | 159 | |
| 9294324488 | Vikings | Norse seafarers, speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Scandinavian homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries. | 160 | |
| 9294324489 | Norsemen | The group of people who spoke what is now called the Old Norse language between the 8th and 11th centuries. | 161 | |
| 9294324490 | Iceland | A Nordic island nation, is defined by its dramatic landscape with volcanoes, geysers, hot springs and lava fields | 162 | |
| 9294325664 | Vinland | The area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in ca. 1000 | 163 | |
| 9294325665 | Magyars | A nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. | 164 | |
| 9294333480 | Battle of Tours | fought on October 10, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel and a massive invading Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd al Rahman, near the city of Tours, France. | 165 | |
| 9294335402 | Estates-General | A general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate). | 166 | |
| 9294335403 | estates | An area or amount of land or property, in particular. | 167 | |
| 9294335404 | lay investiture controversy | Most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. At issue was who, the pope or monarchs, had the authority to appoint (invest) local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries | 168 | |
| 9294337253 | Magna Carta | A charter of liberties agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. | 169 | |
| 9294337254 | English Parliament | legislature of the Kingdom of England. In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics before making laws. | 170 | |
| 9294340546 | House of Lords | The upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. | 171 | |
| 9294340547 | House of Commons | The lower house of the United Kingdom's parliament. | 172 | |
| 9294342687 | Hundred Years' War | A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. | 173 | |
| 9294342688 | Reconquista | Period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. | 174 | |
| 9294345767 | Holy Land | An area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River. Traditionally, it is synonymous with both the biblical Land of Israel and historical Palestine. | 175 | |
| 9294348321 | Crusades | Series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church between the 11th and 16th centuries, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem from Islamic rule. | 176 | |
| 9294350489 | Knights Templar | Among the wealthiest and most powerful of the Western Christian military orders | 177 | |
| 9294350490 | Lords | someone having power, authority, or influence | 178 | |
| 9294350491 | vassals | holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance. | 179 | |
| 9294350492 | knights | man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor. | 180 | |
| 9294352847 | feudalism | dominant social system in medieval Europe | 181 | |
| 9294352848 | serfs | agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate. | 182 | |
| 9294352849 | bishops | senior member of the Christian clergy | 183 | |
| 9294355878 | pope | the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church. | 184 | |
| 9294355879 | priests | ordained minister of the Catholic having the authority to administer certain sacraments. | 185 | |
| 9294357579 | primogeniture | right of succession belonging to the firstborn child | 186 | |
| 9294357580 | bourgeoisie | middle class,with reference to its perceived materialistic values | 187 | |
| 9294361245 | burghers | citizen of a town or city, typically a member of the wealthy bourgeoisie | 188 | |
| 9294361246 | lay people | a non-ordained member of a church | 189 | |
| 9294363061 | Dialects | particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. | 190 | |
| 9294363062 | vernacular languages | dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. | 191 | |
| 9294366266 | University of Paris | That it engaged in higher learning, that it went beyond teaching the Arts | 192 | |
| 9294366267 | colleges | an educational institution or establishment, in particular | 193 | |
| 9294366268 | Cambridge | famous university founded in 12th century. | 194 | |
| 9294368261 | Oxford | NW of London: university, founded in 12th century. | 195 | |
| 9294368262 | Salerno Medical School | was the most important source of medical knowledge Western Europe | 196 | |
| 9294369805 | Avicenna | Persian polymath regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers Islamic Golden Age. | 197 | |
| 9294371621 | Renaissance | The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning | 198 | |
| 9294371622 | humanism | outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human | 199 | |
| 9294373807 | Dante Alighieri | Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy | 200 | |
| 9294381237 | The Divine Comedy | journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil,Beatrice | 201 | |
| 9294384690 | Geoffry Chaucer | English poet, noted for his narrative skill, humor, and insight, particularly in his most famous work, The Canterbury Tales. | 202 | |
| 9294388330 | The Canterbury Tales | a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines | 203 | |
| 9294390728 | Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian | 204 | |
| 9294390729 | In Praise of Folly | essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam | 205 | |
| 9294393894 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe | 206 | |
| 9294393895 | Petrach | Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. | 207 | |
| 9294395952 | Thomas Aquinas | Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith | 208 | |
| 9294395953 | Scholasticism | the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma. | 209 | |
| 9294398104 | Romanesque cathedrals | Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. | 210 | |
| 9294398105 | Gothic Cathedrals | Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture. | 211 | |
| 9294399949 | gargoyles | A grotesque carved human or animal face or figure projecting from the gutter of a building, typically acting as a spout to carry water clear of a wall. | 212 | |
| 9294399950 | flying buttresses | An arch that supports a wall. | 213 | |
| 9294401562 | Great Schism | The division or conflict in the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church | 214 | |
| 9294405579 | religious orders | A lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion. | 215 | |
| 9294415379 | Code of Chivalry | The methods of training and standards of behavior for knights in the Middle Ages. | 216 | |
| 9294415380 | tournaments | A sporting event in which two knights, or two groups of knights, jousted on horseback with blunted weapons, each trying to knock the other off. | 217 | |
| 9294415381 | jousts | Engage in a sports contest in which two opponents on horseback fight with lances. | 218 | |
| 9294451092 | Romanesque | Relating to a style of architecture that prevailed in Europe. | 219 | |
| 9294451093 | Manors | A unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord's demesne and lands rented to tenants. | 220 | |
| 9294452406 | manorial system | A common way of life in medieval Europe, consisting of a knight in charge of a manor and 15 or more peasant families working to support the manor. | 221 | |
| 9294452407 | Hanseatic League | A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. | 222 | |
| 9294452408 | guilds | A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power. | 223 | |
| 9294458029 | cartography | making maps man | 224 | |
| 9294458030 | Marco Polo | An Italian explorer of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries | 225 | |
| 9294459504 | Longships | A long, narrow warship, powered by both oar and sail, used by the Vikings and other northern European peoples. | 226 | |
| 9294459505 | fiefs | An estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service. | 227 | |
| 9294461902 | three-field system | A system of land cultivation under which the common land is divided into three parts of which one or two in rotation lie fallow in each year and the rest are cultivated. | 228 | |
| 9294461903 | horse collar | A horse collar is a part of a horse harness that is used to distribute the load around a horse's neck and shoulders when pulling a wagon or plough. | 229 | |
| 9294461904 | stirrups | - Each of a pair of devices attached to each side of a horse's saddle, in the form of a loop with a flat base to support the rider's foot. | 230 | |
| 9294464927 | Black Death | The Medieval black plague that ravaged Europe and killed a third of its population. | 231 | |
| 9294464928 | cartography | The science or practice of drawing maps. | 232 | |
| 9294467076 | Mongols | An East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia. | 233 | |
| 9294467077 | khan | A title given to rulers and officials in central Asia, Afghanistan, and certain other Muslim countries | 234 | |
| 9294476993 | Genghis Khan | Founder of the Mongol empire. | 235 | |
| 9294476994 | khanites | 236 | ||
| 9294481676 | Pax Mongolica | The stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire. | 237 | |
| 9294479250 | Kara Khitai Empire | A Sinicized Khitan empire in Central Asia. | 238 | |
| 9294481677 | Karakorum | A ruined city in central Mongolian People's Republic. | 239 | |
| 9294483933 | Golden Horde | Mongol and later Turkicized khanate. | 240 | |
| 9294483934 | Moscow | Capital of the Russia. | 241 | |
| 9294483935 | Il-khanate | A khanate that formed the southwestern sector of thee Mongol Empire. | 242 | |
| 9294486194 | Kublai Khan | Mongol emperor and founder of the Mongol dynasty in China. | 243 | |
| 9294486195 | Yuan Dynasty | Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) | 244 | |
| 9294487702 | White Lotus Society | A Buddhist sect which later became a secret society. | 245 | |
| 9294487703 | Zhu Yuanshang | Founder and first emperor of China's Ming dynasty. | 246 | |
| 9294489595 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia | 247 | |
| 9294489607 | Gobi Desert | A large desert region in Asia. | 248 | |
| 9294491747 | yurt | A circular tent of felt or skins on a collapsible framework, used by nomads in Mongolia, Siberia, and Turkey. | 249 | |
| 9294491748 | siege weapons | A weapon used by the aggressor in siege warfare. | 250 | |
| 9294493193 | Mississippian | Composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages. Located by the Mississippi River | 251 | |
| 9294493194 | Toltec | a member of an American Indian people that flourished in Mexico before the Aztecs. | 252 | |
| 9294493195 | Aztec | Native American people who ruled Mexico and the neighboring areas before the Spaniards conquest in the sixteenth century | 253 | |
| 9294495045 | tribute system | Was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its tributaries that helped to shape must of East Asia | 254 | |
| 9294495046 | Inca | A south American Indian people living in the Central Andes. They had an absolute monarch | 255 | |
| 9294495047 | Pachacuti | Was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire | 256 | |
| 9294496602 | Cahokia | The location where Mississippian culture thrived before European explorers landed | 257 | |
| 9294496603 | Tula | Site of ruins and believed to be the ancient Toltec city of Tula | 258 | |
| 9294498613 | Tenochitilan | The capital city of the Aztec empire | 259 | |
| 9294498614 | Lake Texcoco | Known as where the Aztec empire built the city of Tenochtitlan, which was located on an island within a lake. | 260 | |
| 9294500189 | chinampas | is a type of Mesoamerica agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico | 261 | |
| 9294500190 | Cuzco | Was the religions and administrative capital of the Inca Empire | 262 | |
| 9294500191 | Matrilineal | a system in which an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother; contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent | 263 | |
| 9294503403 | mita system | a colonial system in Peru which the Spanish government required Indians to perform periodic forced labor | 264 | |
| 9294507765 | Quetzalcoatl | forms parts of Mesoamerica literature and is deity whose names come from the Nahuatl language | 265 | |
| 9294507766 | Chichen Itza | the ruins of ancient Mayan city, in central Yucatan state, Mexico. An ancient Mayan city of central Yucatán in Mexico, noted for its extensive well preserved ruins. | 266 | |
| 9294509671 | Great Pyramid | is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in Giza | 267 | |
| 9294509672 | human sacrifice | is the act of killing one or more human beings, usually as an offering to a deity, as part of a ritual | 268 | |
| 9294511891 | Quechua | a language that the Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, and Ecuador speak | 269 | |
| 9294511892 | royal ancestor veneration | 26. Royal ancestor veneration- To worship the gods and in some religions if you were a king then you were a god so people would worship the gods | 270 | |
| 9294513604 | royal ancestor cult | Now it was to worship the ancestors in a funeral | 271 | |
| 9294513605 | Inti | a former basic monetary unit of Peru | 272 | |
| 9294513606 | huaca | an object that represents something revered, typically a monument of some kind | 273 | |
| 9294515415 | quipu | Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways. | 274 | |
| 9294515416 | Pochteca | were professional, long-distance traveling merchants in the Aztec Empire | 275 | |
| 9293906733 | bahgdad | Baghdad is the capital of Iraq. | 276 | |
| 9293910470 | viziers | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir. Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy and after 5th century more powerful than sultan. | 277 | |
| 9293911983 | seljuk turks | noting or pertaining to any of several Turkish dynasties that ruled over large parts of Asia from the 11th to the 13th centuries. | 278 | |
| 9293911984 | sultan | a Muslim sovereign (usually Turkish Ottomans) | 279 | |
| 9293913702 | mamluks | : meaning "property", is an Arabic designation for slaves | 280 | |
| 9293913703 | cordoba | the basic monetary unit of Nicaragua, equal to 100 centavos. | 281 | |
| 9293916511 | battle of tours | fought on October 10, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel and a massive invading Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd al Rahman, near the city of Tours, France. | 282 | |
| 9293916595 | muhammad | The Arab founder of Islam. Held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. | 283 | |
| 9293919158 | Bedouins | a nomadic Arab of the desert. | 284 | |
| 9293923673 | polygamy | : the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time | 285 |
