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| 8409836879 | bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished int he early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine |  | 0 |
| 8409836880 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century, thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability |  | 1 |
| 8409836881 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | The Marquis of Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argue that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason. |  | 2 |
| 8409836882 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. |  | 3 |
| 8409836883 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1454-1563) at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. |  | 4 |
| 8409836884 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth. | 5 | |
| 8409836885 | deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs. |  | 6 |
| 8409836886 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion |  | 7 |
| 8409836887 | European Enlighenment | European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the lessons of the scientific revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. | 8 | |
| 8409836888 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remains influential today. |  | 9 |
| 8409836889 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church |  | 10 |
| 8409836890 | huacas | Local gods of the Andes |  | 11 |
| 8409836891 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France |  | 12 |
| 8409836892 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late 16th and 17th centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success |  | 13 |
| 8409836893 | kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents | 14 | |
| 8409836894 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe |  | 15 |
| 8409836895 | Karl Marx | German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism |  | 16 |
| 8409836896 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1546), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition. |  | 17 |
| 8409836897 | Guru Nanak | The founder of Sikhism (1469-1539) |  | 18 |
| 8409836898 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution |  | 19 |
| 8409836899 | Ninety-five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity. |  | 20 |
| 8409836900 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" | 21 | |
| 8409836901 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582-1610 |  | 22 |
| 8409836902 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method. |  | 23 |
| 8409836903 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500, combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women |  | 24 |
| 8409836904 | Jesuits | The Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the boards of Europe. |  | 25 |
| 8409836905 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age |  | 26 |
| 8409836906 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) |  | 27 |
| 8409836907 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion |  | 28 |
| 8409836908 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia. | 29 | |
| 8409836909 | Wang Yangmin | Prominent Chinese philosopher (147201529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection , without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism |  | 30 |
| 8409836910 | Siege of Vienna | An Ottoman assault on a Central European city in 1529. |  | 31 |
| 8409836911 | Sola Fide | Latin for "faith alone". Martin Luther felt that people were saved by God not through their works, but by faith alone. This idea challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. | 32 | |
| 8409836912 | John Calvin | (1508-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. |  | 33 |
| 8409836913 | John Knox | (1514-1572) This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church; not bishops. |  | 34 |
| 8409836914 | Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. (1521) |  | 35 |
| 8409836915 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America to escape persecution and settled Massachusetts Bay. |  | 36 |
| 8409836916 | Russian Orthodox Church | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments. |  | 37 |
| 8409836917 | Emperor Kangxi | Chinese emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661-1722; his reign was one of relative internal peace. He constructed many public works and was a patron of the arts. In 1715 he banned Westerners from spreading Christianity in China after the pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and forbade them for performing Confucian rites |  | 38 |
| 8409836918 | Vodou | African slave religion primarily in Haiti that developed from the combination of Christianity and old African traditions. | 39 | |
| 8409836919 | Santeria | A syncretic religion of mixed African, Indian and Christian influences, practiced in Cuba, Central America and parts of the US. | 40 | |
| 8409836920 | Candomble | African religious ideas and practices mixed with Christianity in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people. | 41 | |
| 8409836921 | Sati | A cultural tradition where Hindu women threw themselves onto the funeral pyre of their husbands after his death. |  | 42 |
| 8409836922 | Kirshna | A Hindu deity that Mirabai sought to unify with her poetry. |  | 43 |
| 8409836923 | Guru Granth | Holy scripture of Sikhism, which has the saying and teachings of the ten Sikh Gurus. |  | 44 |
| 8409836924 | Rene Descartes | (1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. he said that human reason was capable of discovering and explaining the laws of nature and man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution. In philosophy he state "Cogito ergo sum" or I think therefore I am . In math he developed the Cartesian Plane |  | 45 |
| 8409836925 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) |  | 46 |
| 8409836926 | Blaise Pascal | (1623-1662) A french mathematician and scientist. he believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy people, hope and aspiration. |  | 47 |
| 8409836927 | Giordano Bruno | (1548-1600) Italian polymath, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He taught the ideas of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe and was burned at the stake after the papal inquisition found him guilty of heresy in 1600 for supporting Hermetic philosophy (supporting a pantheistic view of God). His books were put in the "Index". some claim him the martyr of science, nonetheless his execution is a sad episode between the conflict of Church beliefs and scientific and liberal thinking. |  | 48 |
| 8409836928 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790) Scottish professor who in 1776 wrote "Wealth of Nations"; preached "laissez-faire capitalism - free trade |  | 49 |
| 8409836929 | Immanuel Kant | (1724-1804) German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience. | 50 | |
| 8409836930 | John Locke | (1632-1704) English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "tabula rasa" or blank slate; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our environment. Heavily influenced US founding fathers. |  | 51 |
| 8409836931 | Pantheists | People who believe that God is a part of nature and that nature is God | 52 | |
| 8409836932 | Dutch Learning | Broad term for European teachings that were strictly regulated by the shoguns inside Japan. Western books were only permitted to be imported in 1720. | 53 |
