Foundations
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| 4871230104 | "Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis | The "Out of Africa" thesis states that Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and then migrated from there, and is the most widely accepted theory by scientists, while the multiregional thesis states homo sapiens sapiens emerged simutaneously throughtout the world and descended from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa | 0 | |
| 4871230105 | Paleolithic Era | - "Old Stone Age" - a long period of human development before the development of agriculture | 1 | |
| 4871230106 | Neolithic Era | - "New Stone Age" - 10,000 - 4000 BCE - was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture | 2 | |
| 4871230109 | Nomadic hunters/gatherers | - a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers | 3 | |
| 4871230110 | Ice Age | A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation | 4 | |
| 4871230111 | Civilization | - literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor | 5 | |
| 4871230112 | Neolithic Revolution | - began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals | 6 | |
| 4871230113 | Domestication of plants and animals | - the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food - this allowed the humans to remain in one place | 7 | |
| 4871230116 | Patrilineal/patrilocal | - patrilineal relates to a social system in which inheritance rights and family descent is traced though the father - patrilocal refers to the pattern where married couples live with or near the husband's parents/family | 8 | |
| 4871230118 | Metalworking | The process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures | 9 | |
| 4871230120 | Foraging | The act of searching for food and provisions | 10 | |
| 4871230121 | Sedentary agriculture | - farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place - domestication of plants and animals | 11 | |
| 4871230122 | Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period | 12 | |
| 4871230123 | Slash-and-burn agriculture | A form of agriculture in which an area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning and is then planted, usually for several seasons, before being left to return to forest | 13 | |
| 4871230124 | Matrilineal | It relates to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother | 14 | |
| 4871230125 | Cultural diffusion | A social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another | 15 | |
| 4871230126 | Independent invention | The development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (that developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. | 16 | |
| 4871230127 | Specialization of labor | The specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles | 17 | |
| 4871230128 | Gender division of labor | - feature of the Stone Age society - due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Although, this did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. But over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important. | 18 | |
| 4871230129 | Metallurgy and metalworking | - metallurgy: the study of metals and their properties / the science and technology of extracting metals form their ores, refining them, and preparing them for use - metalworking: the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures | 19 | |
| 4871230130 | Fertile Crescent | an arc of cultivable land characterized by wooded hillsides and alluvial valleys which runs northwestward along the Zagros Mountains of Iran, loops around the northern rim of the Syrian Desert, and extends southward parallel to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean - the Tigris-Euphrates and Jordan river valleys are also conventionally considered part of the Fertile Crescent - the earlist physical traces of farming settlements in the world are located in this region | 20 | |
| 4871230131 | Gilgamesh | - ancient Sumerian king (city-state of Uruk) - ruled: 2700 BCE - credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats - the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' is thought to be the first story | 21 | |
| 4871230132 | Hammurabi's Law Code | - established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators - relied heavily on the principle of 'lex talionis' (the law of retaliation / an eye for an eye) - there was no way of escaping it.. Hammurabi had statues all over his kingdom with the laws inscribed onto it so that everyone knew what they were | 22 | |
| 4871230133 | Egypt | - ruled by pharohs - agriculture-based society - patriarchal society - built irrigation systems / pyramids as royal tombs - hieroglyphic writing - referred to the area of the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile - the Red/Mediterranean Sea and hostile deserts discouraged foreign invaders | 23 | |
| 4871230134 | Egyptian Book of the Dead | - a common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts - constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. - intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld - knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death | 24 | |
| 4871230135 | Pyramids | - monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt - used as burial sites for pharaohs - within the pyramid was everything the deceased needed in the after life; including possessions, gold, jewels, and jars containing their vital organs that were removed during mummification - massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides | 25 | |
| 4871230136 | Hieroglyphics | - system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts - used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt | 26 | |
| 4871230137 | Indus valley civilization | - first society here was the Harappan - there isn't very much information on it because most Harappan physical remains are now below the water table and scholars can't decipher records - reflected a strong concern for fertility - Aryans migrated here (they had a well-defined social order) - built dams (to prevent flood), city walls, a fortified citadel, and a large granary | 27 | |
| 4871230138 | Early China | - agriculture-based society - written communication - specialized labor - absence of organized religion of official priesthood - society based on family - patriarchal - occasionally women played prominent roles - bronze metallurgy - horse drawn chariots - pottery - East & Central Asia | 28 | |
| 4871230139 | The Celts | The first ethnic group to establish a widespread presence in Europe - society based on close-knit tribal groups - lived north of Danube River - they remain in France, Britain and Spain - 500 BCE: began to migrate - no written language, oral tradition- myths, songs, folktales - conquered by the Romans | 29 | |
| 4871230140 | The Hitties and iron weapons | - Indo-European migrants - introduced iron metallurgy to Mesopotamians | 30 | |
| 4871230141 | The Assyrians and cavalary warfare | - built a powerful and intimidating army by organizing forces into standardized units under command of professional officers appointed because of merit, skill, bravery, rather than noble birth/family connections - supplemented infantry with cavalry forces and light horse-drawn chariots (borrowed from Hittites) | 31 | |
| 4871230142 | The Persian Empire | - Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Persian Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE - later conquered by Alexander the Great. | 32 | |
| 4871230143 | The Hebrews and monotheism | - this group was the first and only religion of the time to worship only one god - Yaweh -Abraham is considered to be the father of the Hebrews | 33 | |
| 4871230144 | The Phoenicians and the alphabet | - this group created the alphabet in which many modern languages have evolved from - became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it was assimilated by many other cultures and evolved - began in 1050 BC, and gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it | 34 | |
| 4871230145 | The Lydians and coinage | - this group invented the coin - Greek city-states adopted coinage from this group and it is still used in modern times | 35 | |
| 4871230146 | Greek city-states | - Ancient Greece was made up of city-states, also known as Polis - they were developed out of the political chaos of the 1100's (BCE) - each Polis was independent and so a range of political institutions developed across the Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Islands - the largest city-states were Athens and Sparta | 36 | |
| 4871230147 | Democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 37 | |
| 4871230148 | Persian Wars | - conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire - ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon - chronicled by Herodotus. | 38 | |
| 4871230149 | Peloponnesian War | The Delian League, once formed to unite the Greeks against the Persians, was increasingly dominated by the Athenians, who felt free to use its treasury to finance public building projects in their polis; this behavior by the arrogant Athenians caused much resentment among other League members and, with the involvement of Sparta, ultimately resulted in a disastorous civil conflict which is the Peloponnesian War. | 39 | |
| 4871230150 | Alexander the Great | successor of Philip II; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures; great leader | 40 | |
| 4871230151 | Hellenistic Era | The time between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the expansion of the Roman empire. | 41 | |
| 4871230152 | Homer | Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey | 42 | |
| 4871230153 | Socrates and Plato | - two ancient Greek philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies - were rationalists (truth is reached not via our senses but via our thoughts) | 43 | |
| 4871230154 | Aristotle | - Greek philosopher - a pupil of Plato / the tutor of Alexander the Great / the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics - he profoundly influenced Western thought - disagreed with Plato's theory / promoted a moderate democracy, order, and acceptance of roles / taught geocentrism (earth is center of universe) / defined the four elements | 44 | |
| 4871230155 | Western scientific thought | - scientific method - basis for modern science | 45 | |
| 4871230156 | Roman Republic | The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar. | 46 | |
| 4871230157 | Plebians and patricians | Plebians were Roman common people while patricians were Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes | 47 | |
| 4871230158 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 48 | |
| 4871230159 | Julius Caesar | - Roman military and political leader - He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire - Dictator | 49 | |
| 4871230160 | Roman Empire | The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE. | 50 | |
| 4871230161 | Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties | - First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. - First of 'centralized' China. | 51 | |
| 4871230162 | Shi Huangdi | - founder of the Qin Dynasty (from 247 BC to 221 BCE), - the first emperor of a unified China | 52 | |
| 4871230163 | Chinese tributary system | Form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty | 53 | |
| 4871230164 | The Silk Road | Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east | 54 | |
| 4871230165 | Nara and Heian Japan | Vast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits. | 55 | |
| 4871230166 | The Fujiwara clan | dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period | 56 | |
| 4871230167 | Lady Murasaki and "The Talke of Genji" | First novel of Japanese literature | 57 | |
| 4871230168 | Central Asia and Mongolia | Historically been closely tied to its nomadic people and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia | 58 | |
| 4871230169 | The Aryan invasion of India | Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River. | 59 | |
| 4871230170 | Dravidians | One of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago | 60 | |
| 4871230171 | Indian caste system | - simple division of society into four castes: Brahmin (Priests/Priestesses), Kshatriya (Warriors), Vaishya (Skilled Workers), Shudra (Unskilled workers), with the "Untouchables" (Dalit) below everyone - arranged in a hierarchy - socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions (like Jati) | 61 | |
| 4871230172 | Ashoka | - third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE) - he converted to Buddhism - stone edicts (the earliest surviving Indian writing) - built wells, inns, and trees on roads to facilitate trade - grandson of Chanragupta Maurya | 62 | |
| 4871230173 | Constantinople/Byzantine Empire | Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around | 63 | |
| 4871230174 | Justinian | - Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE - reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome - initiated an ambitious building program (he built the Hagia Sofia) - known for issuing most famous compilation of Roman Law | 64 | |
| 4871230175 | Early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages" | A period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church. | 65 | |
| 4871230176 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 66 | |
| 4871230177 | Charlemagne | - became King of the Franks in 768 CE - he built an empire spanning present-day France, Germany, and part of Italy - a close ally of the Church, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 CE after helping the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles - he also spread Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his Empire | 67 | |
| 4871230178 | Mohammed and the foundation of Islam | In 610 or earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. | 68 | |
| 4871230179 | Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates | Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad. | 69 | |
| 4871230180 | Bantu and their migrations | skilled farmers and herders who moved from West Africa to south and east in search of fertile land when Sahara started drying out; they spread knowledge of farming, ironworking knowledge, and language across African continent from 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500. | 70 | |
| 4871230181 | Nubia | - area south of Egypt - the kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from 750 to 664 BCE | 71 | |
| 4871230182 | Ghana | - kingdom in West Africa during the fifth thought the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam - its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade | 72 | |
| 4871230183 | Olmec | - early Mesoamerican society (1st) - 1200-100 BCE - centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya - the "rubber people" | 73 | |
| 4871230184 | Maya | - brilliant Central American society - 300 - 1100 - known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language | 74 | |
| 4871230185 | Andean societies | - Second millenium BCE - in the central Andes and Pacific coast of South America - semi/urbanized cultures - economic surplus? | 75 | |
| 4871230186 | Mississippian culture | - last of the mound-building cultures of North America - flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E. - featured large towns and ceremonial centers - lacked stone architecture of Central America. | 76 | |
| 4871230187 | Anasazi | - Native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and Northern New Mexico and Arizona from about 100 AD - descendents include the present-day Pueblo people - culture includes Basket Maker phase, and later marked by creation of cliff dwellings and expert artisanship - they worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas | 77 | |
| 4871230188 | Cultural diffusion vs. independent innovation | Cultural diffusion is a social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another while independent innovation is the development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (the developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances | 78 | |
| 4871230189 | Aristocracy | - a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility - the wealthiest, most priveliged members of society | 79 | |
| 4871230190 | Parliamentary bodies | Senate and voting bodies? | 80 | |
| 4871230191 | Oligarchy | A government in which only a small group of people hold the power | 81 | |
| 4871230192 | Republics/Democracies | - Republic: state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. - Democracy: form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens. | 82 | |
| 4871230193 | Theocracy | - a government thought to be guided by a divine power - controlled by religious leaders | 83 | |
| 4871230194 | Slavery vs. serfdom | - Slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages - Serfdom: A medieval peasant who was forced to work the land of a lord's manor in exchange for protection. They were little more than slaves. | 84 | |
| 4871230195 | War | state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians | 85 | |
| 4871230196 | Trade routes | sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo | 86 | |
| 4871230197 | Polynesian migrations | mariners with canoes who migrated to Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, New Zealand, Marquesas, and Easter Island | 87 | |
| 4871230198 | Eurasia's great age of migrations | People, mainly from Central Asia, migrated outward. In particular, Europe was flooded by an influx of Germanic and Asiatic invaders that were seen as barbaric invaders but eventually settled there. | 88 | |
| 4871230199 | Polytheism | Belief in more than one God | 89 | |
| 4871230200 | Zoroastiranism | - Persian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra - its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions | 90 | |
| 4871230201 | The Ten Commandments | - Hebrew law governing religioius belief and behavior - set forth by God and brought to the people by Moses | 91 | |
| 4871230202 | The Torah | - first five books of the Old Testament (in the bible) - most sacred book in Judaism | 92 | |
| 4871230203 | The Talmud | The collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism | 93 | |
| 4871230204 | YHWH | The Hebrew name for God, sometimes translated into "I AM" or "the One Who Is" or "The One Who Causes to Be What Is" | 94 | |
| 4871230205 | Abraham | The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael. | 95 | |
| 4871230206 | Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover | Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses. | 96 | |
| 4871230207 | David and Solomon | - kingdom period of the Hebrews with the capital in Jerusalem - at this time the Egyptian and Hittite Empires were receding and it allowed for the Hebrews to establish a kingdom - King David ruled Israel from 990 BCE to 968 BCE; and his son Solomon ruled after him until 928 BCE. David enlarged his kingdom and brought it to the peak of political and military power. Solomon "ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River from Tiphsah to Gaza; he was at peace with all his neighbors" | 97 | |
| 4871230208 | Jewish Diaspora | The global dispersion of the Jewish people from their ancestral homeland (in modern-day Israel), with a history dating back millennia. | 98 | |
| 4871230209 | Vedism (Rig-Veda) | early Indian religion, heavy emphasis on the 4 Vedas, priests very important-performed complex rituals, sacrifice brought you closer to the gods | 99 | |
| 4871230210 | Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita) | Upanishads- later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas (concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe); sacred writings in Hinduism; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority Mahabharata- Massive ancient Indian epic that was developed orally for centuries; it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches. Bhagavad-Gita - the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic) | 100 | |
| 4871230211 | Samsara, Karma, Dharma | Samsara- the Hindu cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) Karma- the belief that a person's actions determines their destiny in their next incarnation Dharma- a person's religious and moral duties | 101 | |
| 4871230212 | Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva | - Gods of Hinduism: 1: Brahma- god of creation 2: Vishnu- god of protection 3: Shiva- god of destruction | 102 | |
| 4871230213 | Laws of Manu | 200 BCE > 200 CE - support of caste system | 103 | |
| 4871230214 | Buddhism | - founded by Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) - originated between 535 and 528 BCE - based on the 4 Noble Truths - no caste system - promoted by King Ashoka (Mauryan Dynasty) | 104 | |
| 4871230215 | Four Noble Truths | - the foundation of Buddhist thought 1: life is pain 2: pain is caused by desire 3: elimination of desire will bring an end to pain 4: living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire | 105 | |
| 4871230216 | Eightfold Path | - final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life of balance and constant contemplation | 106 | |
| 4871230217 | Siddhartha Gautama | - founder of Buddism - born a prince but left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering - he wandered the forests of India for 6 years seeking enlightenment - he believed in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path where you aim to reach nirvana - known as the Buddha | 107 | |
| 4871230218 | Nirvana | - Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated | 108 | |
| 4871230219 | Theravada (Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism) | In Hinayana, the Buddha is the Teacher and in Mahayana the Buddha is God. | 109 | |
| 4871230220 | Daoism | - Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou Dynasty - associated with legendary philosopher Laozi - self-sufficient - created to try and end the period of warring states - "Wu Wei" - SOCIAL and politcal - coexist with nature - go with the flow | 110 | |
| 4871230221 | Tao-te Ching and the I Ching | the philosophical book in verse supposedly written by Lao-tzu | 111 | |
| 4871230222 | Laozi | - the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature - founder of Daoism | 112 | |
| 4871230223 | Confucianism | - philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (Confucius) - created to try and end the period of warring states - social and political - 3 principles: Ren, Li, Xiao - focused on education (liberal arts) - junzi - optimistic | 113 | |
| 4871230224 | Analects | - main book of Confucianism - profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions - after his death, some of his pupils compiled the master's sayings and teachings and it became known as this | 114 | |
| 4871230225 | K'ung Fu-tza (Confucius) | - Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 BCE) - his doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials - founder of Confucianism | 115 | |
| 4871230226 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China. | 116 | |
| 4871230227 | Judeo-Christian tradition | a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity | 117 | |
| 4871230228 | Jesus of Nazareth | - born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth - his life and teachings are the basis of Christianity - believing him to be the son of God, his disciples proclaimed him the Messiah and savior of humankind | 118 | |
| 4871230229 | The Bible (Old and New Testament) | - holiest book of Christianity - split up in two: the Old Testament and the New Testament | 119 | |
| 4871230230 | Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter) | - Crucifixion: the son of God, Jesus, died on the cross in which all sins were forgiven / Good Friday - Resurrection: three days after the Crucifixion of Jesus, he rose again / Easter Sunday | 120 | |
| 4871230231 | Peter and Paul | Apostles of Jesus who spread his teachings / Christianity after his death | 121 | |
| 4871230232 | Constantine and the Edict of Milan | The persecution of Christians ended in 313 CE when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan. He granted freedom of religion to all citizens. They also gave back property that was seized from Christians. Constantine was influenced to do this because his mother was a devout Christian | 122 | |
| 4871230233 | Saint Augustine | He worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions, especially Platonism, and to articulate Christianity in terms that were familiar and persuasive to the educated classes | 123 | |
| 4871230234 | Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054) | Divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church | 124 | |
| 4871230235 | Islam (the Qur'an) | - Islam's holy book (Similar to the Bible and Torah) - the transcription of Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel | 125 | |
| 4871230236 | Allah | - God of the monotheistic religion of Islam | 126 | |
| 4871230237 | Mohammed | - 570-632 CE - born in Mecca / died in Medina - founder of Islam - regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God - his teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book - came to beleive that one true God, Allah was speaking to him through the archangle Gabriel and he passed the religion onto others | 127 | |
| 4871230238 | Mecca | - city in western Saudi Arabia - birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad - ritual center of the Islamic religion (holiest city of Islam) | 128 | |
| 4871230239 | The Kaaba | - a cuboidal building in Mecca and is the most sacred site in Islam - focal point for prayer | 129 | |
| 4871230240 | Medina (the Hegira) | - Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca - The Hegira was the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Median which was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam | 130 | |
| 4871230241 | Sunni vs. Shiite | - two branches of Islam - Sunni: members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad - Shiite: believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity | 131 | |
| 4871230242 | Sufism | A mystic tradition within Islam that teaches that people can find God's love by having a personal relationship with God. | 132 | |
| 4871230243 | Nomadic hunters/gatherers | - a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers | 133 | |
| 4871230244 | Climate changes | Any change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity. | 134 | |
| 4871230245 | Ice Age | A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation alternating with episodes of relative warmth | 135 | |
| 4871230246 | Civilization | - literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor | 136 | |
| 4871230247 | Neolithic Revolution | - began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals | 137 |
