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| 7640687534 | Simony | the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church | 0 | |
| 7640687535 | Pluralism | The practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time. | 1 | |
| 7640687536 | Nepotism | Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs) | 2 | |
| 7640687537 | Absenteeism | the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason. | 3 | |
| 7640687538 | Sale of indulgences | A payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins | 4 | |
| 7640687539 | Clerical ignorance | Priests and clergy members weren't educated enough. Some were illiterate and/or couldn't write | 5 | |
| 7640687540 | Lollards | Followers of John Wycliffe. Stressed the individual's reading and interpretation of the Bible which they considered the only standard of Christian faith and holiness | 6 | |
| 7653909745 | Erasmus's The praise of folly | 7 | ||
| 7640788092 | Erasmus's The Praise of Folly | Written in 1511, reform meant spreading understanding of inner piety and understanding the abuses of the church... this book made such ideas evident; criticized church's abuses in society | 8 | |
| 7640791292 | Christian Humanism | aka Northern Renaissance Humanism, focused on sources of Early Christianity; most important characteristic was its reform program; belief in power of education | 9 | |
| 7640795418 | Martin Luther | Born in 1483, a deeply religious man, asked the question "What must I do to be saved?". His unusual answer led to the Reformation.. achieved no certainty through time as monk and Catholic Church. Believed humans were saved by faith in the promises of God, not good works | 10 | |
| 7640798292 | Johann Tetzel | reacted to Pope Leo X's indulgences, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." | 11 | |
| 7640800996 | 95 Theses | Luther's explanation of the abuse of church in selling indulgences, his reaction to Pope Leo X selling to support financially; nailed to church door or sent to superior; translated and spread | 12 | |
| 7640809348 | "priesthood of all believers" | Protestants believe that through Christ they have been given direct access to God, just like a priest; thus the doctrine | 13 | |
| 7640813898 | the Edict of Worms | after Emporer Charles V was angry that Luther did not recant his beliefs, this made Martin Luther an outlaw in the empire, burned his works and captured Martin Luther | 14 | |
| 7640823872 | Confessions of Augsburg | Augustan Confession or the Augustana Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. | 15 | |
| 7640827514 | Charles V | (1519-1566) elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, dealt with French (rivalry with Valois king of France, Francis I... possession of land... Habsburg-Valois Wars), the Papacy (their alliance with Valois king), the Turks (overrunning Hungary, Austria) and the Lutheran problem in Germany | 16 | |
| 7640831598 | The Peasant's War, 1524 | German peasants did not see economic gain like everyone else, looked for support in Martin Luther but radical Thomas Müntzer flamed peasants against their rulers, revolt erupted in Southwestern Germany in 1524; Luther had princes kill peasants, Luther supported the rulers b/c it helped him with Reformation | 17 | |
| 7640839466 | 12 articles | part of the peasants' demands of the Swabian League during the German Peasants' War of 1525. They are considered the first draft of human rights and civil liberties in continental Europe. | 18 | |
| 7640980342 | Schmalkaldic League | An alliance of Protestant German states; fearful of Charles V's intentions after Peace of Augsburg, they created this defensive alliance. Vowed to assist each other when attacked. | 19 | |
| 7640985744 | Peace of Augsburg | Holy Roman Emperor Charles V attempted to settle Lutheran problem in Germany at this event in 1530, Charles wounded up demanding that Lutherans return to Catholic Church. | 20 | |
| 7640989023 | Anabaptists | Wanted complete separation of church and state in Protestant reformation... government not even supposed to execrise power over real Christians; advertised adult rather than infant baptism; radical reformers; interpreted Lord's Supper as remembrance | 21 | |
| 7641017092 | Tragedy at Munster | Anabaptist extremists took power over Münster; Anabaptists in the city forced the Catholics and Lutherans to either convert or emigrate; Münster was blockaded by besieging armies and under pressure transformed into an Old Testament theocracy | 22 | |
| 7641020837 | Ulrich Zwingli | (1484-1531) Product of Swiss forest cantons, influenced by Christian humanism; became cathedral priest... through his preachings he started the Reformation in Switzerland; disagreed greatly with Luther on the subject of the Last Supper | 23 | |
| 7641027275 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) second generation Protestant reformer; experiences a religious crisis of God bringing his mind to a teachable frame, convinced of inner guidance of God; Calvinism | 24 | |
| 7641031779 | Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. | 25 | |
| 7641051953 | Predestination | the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power | 26 | |
| 7641056234 | Geneva | Became home to protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 | 27 | |
| 7641081105 | Consistory | church council | 28 | |
| 7641133950 | Michael Servetus | German peasants did not see economic gain like everyone else, looked for support in Martin Luther but radical Thomas Müntzer flamed peasants against their rulers, revolt erupted in Southwestern Germany in 1524; Luther had princes kill peasants, Luther supported the rulers b/c it helped him with Reformation | 29 | |
| 7641181810 | Protestant Work Ethic | Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group | 30 | |
| 7641191109 | John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) | 31 | |
| 7641193811 | Presbyterianism | a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops | 32 | |
| 7641221130 | Huguenots | French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America. | 33 | |
| 7641225705 | Dutch Reformed Church | United Provinces of the Netherlands. The rise of Calvinism here set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain | 34 | |
| 7641230373 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 35 | |
| 7641233090 | English Reformation | result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom | 36 | |
| 7641237252 | William Tyndale | This Protestant man was a Humanist who helped translate the Bible so that all people could read it in their own religion. He translated the New Testament, but was executed before he could finish the Old Testament because he was not supported by the English government in his translating in the early 16th century. | 37 | |
| 7641309069 | Henry VIII | (1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. | 38 |
