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| 8318885401 | Pastoral Nomads | They are producers of food, and the size of their tribal or ethnic units increases accordingly. These groups raise livestock, and they move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals. Their lifestyle is based almost entirely on domestic animals. | 0 | |
| 8318916684 | Humans | A kind hearted group of do-gooders that emerged from East Africa a long time ago, in a continent far far away. | 1 | |
| 8318921300 | Early Towns | The earliest towns developed in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. | 2 | |
| 8318921301 | Catal Huyuk | Was a vary large Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, which existed from approx. 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. | 3 | |
| 8318926365 | Sumer/Sumerians | was the first civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the fist civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. | 4 | |
| 8318929863 | Cuneiform | Is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-300 BCE. | 5 | |
| 8318929864 | Ziggurats | Ais a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel. | 6 | |
| 8318933065 | Hammurabi/Hammurabi's Codes | was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750. He extended Babylon's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns. Hammurabi is known for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history. | 7 | |
| 8318935189 | Pyramids | are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. | 8 | |
| 8318942122 | Harappan Civilization | was a Bronze age civilization (3300-1300 BCE) that flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed rivers. | 9 | |
| 8318942123 | Shang dynasty | The earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history supported by archaeological evidence. According to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BCE. | 10 | |
| 8318944607 | Maize | (corn) Is a large grain plant first domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago. | 11 | |
| 8318947774 | Phoenician civilization | Was an ancient Semitic civilization of unknown origin situated on the coastal part of the Mediterranean. The were the first state-level society to make extensive use of alphabets: the Phoenician one is in fact generally held to be the major ancestors of all modern alphabets. | 12 | |
| 8318944608 | Kush | Was an ancient Nubian kingdom situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan, the Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making it the second African state to emerge. | 13 | |
| 8318950494 | Shi Huangdi | Was founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of China. His public works projects included the unification of diverse state walls into a single Great Wall of China and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. He rules until his death in 210 BC after a futile search for an elixir of immortality. | 14 | |
| 8318953000 | Qin Dynasty | Was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland , in modern-day gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor of . Despite its military strength, the dynasty did not last long. Popular revolt broke out few years later, and the weakened empire soon fell to peasant uprisings. | 15 | |
| 8318953001 | Han dynasty | Was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC-220 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". | 16 | |
| 8318976411 | The Art Of War | Is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating form the 5th century BC. Attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu the text is composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare. It is commonly thought of as a definitive work on military strategy and tactics. | 17 | |
| 8318983747 | Legalism (ancient China) | The "intellectual and ideological foundations of the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire". It has been regarded by the Chinese as having three tendencies: the enforcement of law, the manipulation of statecraft, and the exercise of power. It is based on the notion that humans are basically evil. | 18 | |
| 8318986226 | The Indian Caste System | divides Hindus into four main categories- Brahmins, Kshatiyas, Vaishays and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. Untouchability is a status of certain social groups confined to menial and despised jobs. It is associated with the Hindu caste system, but similar groups exist outside Hinduism. Being an untouchable places you in the lowest social order in India. |  | 19 |
| 8318986227 | Monsoons | Are traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. | 20 | |
| 8318989995 | Mauryan Dynasty | Was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between c. 322 and 185 BCE. Mauryan culture reached its heights under Ashoka. | 21 | |
| 8318989996 | Bhudda | Also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was an ascetic and sage, on whose teachings in the eastern part of Ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE. | 22 | |
| 8318994386 | Nirvana | In the Buddhist context, refers to realization of non-self and emptiness, marking the end of rebirth by stilling the fires that keep the process of rebirth going and a release from all desires... | 23 | |
| 8318994387 | Cyrus the Great | Was the founder of the First Persian Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west tot the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. | 24 | |
| 8318997901 | Zoroastrianism | A monotheistic religion that developed in Persia that saw material existence as a battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice. | 25 | |
| 8319000843 | The Magi | Priests in the Zoroastrianism faith. | 26 | |
| 8319003070 | Alexander the Great | Born in Pella in 356 BC., succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. he totally defeated the Persians, totally. Also, Aristotle was his teacher. | 27 | |
| 8319005692 | The Peloponnesian Wars | Was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The war ended with the defeat of Athens. | 28 | |
| 8319005693 | Polis | Literally means city in Greek. It can also mean citizenship and body of citizens. In modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state". | 29 | |
| 8319009664 | Stoicism | Is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The stoics focused on self-discipline. | 30 | |
| 8319020072 | Aristotle | Teacher to Alexander the Great | 31 | |
| 8319020073 | Homer | Is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the central works of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. | 32 | |
| 8319022022 | Hellenistic Culture | Refers to the spread of Greek culture that had begun after the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century, B.C.E. It can be characterized as Greek culture blending with many other traditions. | 33 | |
| 8319022023 | Shinto | Is a traditional Japanese religion. It focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 8th century. | 34 | |
| 8319024871 | Incas | Was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose form the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century after the decline of the Chimu civilization. | 35 | |
| 8319026453 | The Yellow Turbans | , translated as the , was a peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in the year 184 during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was suppressed in the year 205. The rebellion, which got its name form the color of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Daoism due to the rebels' association with secret Daoist societies. | 36 | |
| 8319026454 | Islam | Religion based out of Saudi Arabia | 37 | |
| 8319029419 | Germanic | Germanic Mercenaries in the later Roman Empire Germanic recruits helped fill out the Roman army. This later came back to hurt them. | 38 | |
| 8319029420 | Constantine | Was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. As emperor, enacted many administrative, financial, social and military authority separated. he built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself. It would later become the capital of the Empire for over one thousand years; for which reason the later Eastern Empire would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire. They spoke Greek in the Byzantine Empire. | 39 | |
| 8319035225 | The Byzantine Empire (capital, language) | Capital: Constantinople, ancient Byzantium and modern day Istanbul. Language: Greek | 40 | |
| 8319035226 | The Pope | is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. | 41 | |
| 8319038361 | Asiatic Nomads | Mongols, Bedouins, etc... | 42 | |
| 8319038362 | Bedouins | Pastoral nomads of the Arabian peninsula that criss-crossed the peninsula as traders and heavily influenced Muhammad and the Islamic faith. | 43 | |
| 8319041492 | Mecca | Is the most important Arabian city which was a active site of trade for centuries. It is the site of the Kaaba, a religious shrine that became the direction that Muslims face for prayer. | 44 | |
| 8319041493 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570, raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; first gained prominence as a public figure as an arbitrator in Medina, died in 632. The religion he started found its way into South India in the 7th century. | 45 | |
| 8319043784 | The Quran | The religious book of Islam that discusses the revelations given to Muhammad in the 7th century. The book can only be presented in Arabic. | 46 | |
| 8319043785 | The Five Pillars | Are the 5 basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification and the pilgrimage, if one is able. | 47 | |
| 8319046088 | Caliph | is a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. (The first Caliph was Abu Bakr.) | 48 | |
| 8319046089 | Dhows | Is the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with lateen(triangular) sails used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region. | 49 | |
| 8319055231 | The Crusades | were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church between the 11th and 16th centuries, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem from Islamic rule. Crusades were also fought for many other reasons such as to recapture Christian territory or defend Christians in non-Christian lands, resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, gain political or territorial advantage, or to combat paganism and heresy. | 50 | |
| 8319055232 | Saladin | Was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant in the late 1100s. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa. | 51 | |
| 8319060499 | AL-Ghazali | Was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic of Persian decent. been referred to by some historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He raised the question of how can the Hellenistic and Muslim legacies be reconciled. | 52 | |
| 8319060500 | Sufism | Is defined as the inner mystical dimension of Islam. Practitioners of , referred to as , often belong to different turuq or "orders" - congregations formed around a grand master referred to as mawla who traces a direct chain of teachers back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. | 53 | |
| 8319063385 | Chinggis Khan | Birth name was Temujin, he was the founder and Great Khan (Emporer) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. | 54 | |
| 8319064933 | Bhaktic Cults | Refers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in mid-evil Hinduism. The movement had traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste of birth or gender. | 55 | |
| 8319064934 | Maghreb | Is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. | 56 | |
| 8319067440 | Axum/Ethiopia | -which means "the bees recognize his sovereignty" in Old Agaw, was negus or king of Ethiopia (formerly Axum. He is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. Tradition states that he reigned for 40 years. he is best known as the king who either built or commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela.) | 57 | |
| 8319067441 | Lalibela | which means "the bees recognize his sovereignty" in Old Agaw, was negus or king of Ethiopia (formerly Axum. He is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. Tradition states that he reigned for 40 years. he is best known as the king who either built or commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela.) | 58 | |
| 8319071267 | Malinke Griots | Is a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians , and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa. | 59 | |
| 8319071268 | Ibn Battuta | Was a Medieval Moroccan Muslim traveler and scholar, who is widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rhila (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Middle East, South China, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. | 60 | |
| 8319073483 | Sharia | Islamic cononical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet, prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. | 61 | |
| 8319073484 | Zenj | Name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast), and to the area's Bantu inhabitants. | 62 | |
| 8319075521 | Hagia Sophia | Was a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. | 63 | |
| 8319075522 | Greek Fire | An incendiary weapon developed c. 672 and used by the Eastern roman (Byzantine) Empire. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water. | 64 | |
| 8319077120 | Tsar | Title used to designate certain Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar, which was intended to mean "Emperor" in teh European medieval sense of the term. | 65 | |
| 8319077121 | The Battle of Manzikert | Was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Turks on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert. The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army played an important role in the undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia. | 66 | |
| 8319080278 | The Fourth Crusade | Was a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, a sequence of events motivated by Venetians, culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire. | 67 | |
| 8319080279 | Kiev | Was a key Scandinavian trading post found on the Dnieper River. | 68 | |
| 8319084918 | Vladimir I | Was a prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Keivan Rus from 980 to 1005. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and Christianize Kievan Rus'. | 69 | |
| 8319087544 | Boyars | Were land owning nobles and members of the highest rank of the feudal Russia, Second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th century. | 70 | |
| 8319087545 | The Tatars | The Russians and Europeans used the name Tatar to denote the Mongols as well as Turkic peoples under Mongol rule (especially in the Golden Horde). | 71 | |
| 8319092425 | Charles Martel | Was a Frankish statesman and military leader. His victory over the Almoravids stopped the expansion of Islamic kingdoms into western Europe. | 72 | |
| 8319090341 | Vikings | were Norse seafarers, speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Scandinavian homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries. | 73 | |
| 8319090342 | Serfs | is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-10th century. | 74 | |
| 8319095153 | William the Conqueror | Was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. He was Duke of Normandy.. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. | 75 | |
| 8319096826 | Hundred Years War | Is the modern term for a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. | 76 | |
| 8319098324 | Hanseatic League | Is a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. It dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 15th to 19th centuries). | 77 | |
| 8319098325 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang Dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in the 840's. Reduced the influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology. | 78 | |
| 8319100142 | Chang'an | Capitol of the Tang dynasty and at the time, the largest city in the world, with a population of 2 million people. It was a cosmopolitan urban center with considerable foreign populations from other parts of Asia and beyond. | 79 | |
| 8319100143 | Wendi | Was the founder and first emperor of China's Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD). As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of Buddhism through the state. He is regarded as one of the most important emperors in Chinese history, reunifying China in 589 after centuries of division since the fall of Western Jin Dynasty in 316. During his reign began the construction of the Grand Canal. | 80 | |
| 8319101908 | Karakorum | Capitol of Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260. | 81 | |
| 8319104539 | The Golden Horde | The western part of the Mongol empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. | 82 | |
| 8385572433 | The Olmecs (question 15?) | Were the first major civilization in Mesoamerica following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowland of Guatemala. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. | 83 | |
| 8386138894 | The Vedas | Large body of texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. The used as holy scripts by the Brahmins. | 84 |
