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| 6776169642 | SUMER | Southern Mesopotamia- has world's first cities | 0 | |
| 6776175556 | Sargon of Akkad | Creator of empire | 1 | |
| 6776180796 | Hammurabi | Emperor of Babylon(Mesopotamia) - had intense, world's first law code | 2 | |
| 6776186573 | How did Babylon in Mesopotamia collapse? | Hittite invasion | 3 | |
| 6776191964 | Assyria | Empire in Mesopotamia- ruled by Assurbanipal- had libraries, law codes and valued literature | 4 | |
| 6776206222 | New Babylonian Empire- Mesopotamia | Ruled by Nebuchadnezzar- had thick walls | 5 | |
| 6776211085 | Features of Mesopotamia | Bronze and Iron metallurgy, the wheel for long distance trade, shipbuilding for trading w Harappa in India, and trade networks | 6 | |
| 6776221857 | Mesopotamian Social Classes | Ruling class (offspring of gods), priests and priestesses, textile workers, free commoners, dependent clients, slaves | 7 | |
| 6776238814 | Men in Mesopotamia | Dominated Mesopotamian life- could sell wives and children into slavery | 8 | |
| 6776246231 | Women in Mesopotamia | Priestesses, could get education to be scribes, midwives, shopkeepers, bakers, textile managers and tavern keepers- no records of them holding administrative positions- wore veils to discourage attention from other men | 9 | |
| 6776262120 | Cuneiform | Mesopotamian writing- symbols- those who learned this became scribes or priests, physicians, engineers or architects | 10 | |
| 6776275817 | Mesopotamian Math | astronomy- predicted rhythms of seasons and determined appropriate times for planting-Divided the year into 12 months, the hours into 60 minutes with 60 seconds | 11 | |
| 6776302468 | The Hebrews | Originally pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt- Abraham came from Ur- Israelites fought with Palestinians for territory- Israelite King David and Solomon | 12 | |
| 6776334325 | Moses and Monotheism | Believed in Yahweh as one god, started Jewish faith, built capital at Jerusalem | 13 | |
| 6784223984 | Phoenicians | By the Mediterranean, maritime trade, had alphabetic writing (adopted by Greeks) | 14 | |
| 6784234083 | Hittites | Indo-European Migrants who migrated to Anatolia, traded w Babylonians and Assyrians, had war chariots and refined iron metallurgy, | 15 | |
| 6784240708 | Early Sudan | domesticated cattle and became nomadic herders, collected grains, then permanent settlements, cultivation of yams | 16 | |
| 6789375612 | The Nile River Valley | Annual floods, leaving behind fertile soil- people settled by the river and relied on it- Nubians and Egyptians traded along it | 17 | |
| 6789395298 | Unification of Egypt | Menes united all of Egypt to create a centralized state and ruled as a pharaoh | 18 | |
| 6789423899 | Pharaohs | Egyptian rulers- claimed to be gods in human form- early pharaohs associated w the sky god Horus and then seen as offspring of Amon, the sun god | 19 | |
| 6789434154 | The Old Kingdom | Massive pyramids at Giza | 20 | |
| 6789445544 | Relations between Egypt and Nubia | Kept close relations bc they feared each other- tensions led to violence- early pharaohs organized at least five military campaigns to Nubia and they dominated Lower Nubia. Upper Nubia formed the Kingdom of Kush | 21 | |
| 6789447021 | The Hyskos | Semitic foreigners- introduced horses to Egypt from Hittites in Mesopotamia- had military advantage over Egyptians- had bronze metallurgy | 22 | |
| 6789481110 | The New Kingdom | Bureaucracy, military, no pyramids but many temples- pharaohs worked to extend authority after expelling the Hyskos (King Tuthmosis III) | 23 | |
| 6791424276 | Type of gov't Egypt had | Centralized around Pharaoh | 24 | |
| 6791424277 | Hieroglyphics | Borrowed from cuneiform | 25 | |
| 6791424278 | Women in Egypt | Women had higher status than in other civilizations- Queen Hatshepsut (but she wore a fake beard- still patriarchy) could own property and pass wealth to children- served as regents to young rulers- in Nubia there were many female rulers- women could receive formal education | 26 | |
| 6791424279 | Aten and Monotheism | Pharaoh Amenhotep IV had monotheism- when he died Egypt restored polytheism | 27 | |
| 6791424280 | Social stratification in Egypt | Shown by pyramids | 28 | |
| 6791424281 | Decline in Egypt | Resistance took Egyptians out of Nubia and Kushite and Assyrian armies invaded Egypt | 29 | |
| 6791424282 | Egyptians noble class | Almost nonexistent because of extremely centralized rule- had bureaucracy | 30 | |
| 6791424283 | Cult of Osiris | His brother murdered him and his wife Isis cared for him so the gods revived Osiris | 31 | |
| 6791424284 | Bantu Migrations | Settled along banks of rivers, cultivated yams- migrated, had iron, spread agriculture, | 32 | |
| 6791424285 | Harappan writing | Undeciphered writing of Harappa | 33 | |
| 6795009072 | 4 main Varnas | Brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), vaishyas (cultivators, artisans and peasants) and shudras (landless peasants and serfs)! | 34 | |
| 6791424286 | Indus river | Flooding, wheat and barley, deposits rich soil like Nile- agriculture led to population increase and cities | 35 | |
| 6795009073 | Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa | 2 major cities along the Indus River- had city walls, a fortified citadel and a large granary- used human labor | 36 | |
| 6795009074 | Harappan political system | No evidence exists | 37 | |
| 6795009075 | Harappan trade | Domestic and foreign, with pottery, tools, and decorative items and obtained gold, silver, copper, lead, gems, and semiprecious stones from people in Persia and the Hindu Kush mountains, also traded w Mesopotamians | 38 | |
| 6795009076 | Harappan social distinctions | The poor lived in one room tenements and the rich lived in storied houses with several rooms, wells, ovens and private bathrooms with plumbing | 39 | |
| 6795009077 | Fertility | Harappans worshipped and honored this | 40 | |
| 6795009078 | Harappan Decline | Theories include ecological degradation, deforestation of Indus Valley leading to erosion of topsoil to reduced amounts of rainfall, or natural catastrophes such as an earthquake | 41 | |
| 6795009079 | Harappan legacy | Other societies cultivated wheat, barley and cotton and people were intrigued to migrate to India | 42 | |
| 6795009080 | Aryans | Entered India and depended on pastoral economy- kept sheeps and goats buy prized their horses and cattle- used songs and poems in Sanskrit language- these included the Vedas | 43 | |
| 6795009081 | Vedas | Honored Aryan gods- four but most important was the Rig Veda- began the Vedic Age | 44 | |
| 6795009082 | Vedic Age | The Vedas reflect the clashing of the Aryans and Dravidians- Aryans attacked their cities bc of their war god- often had friendly relations, though, but there was conflict. Aryans also fought amongst themselves- Aryans settled in Punjab and the Gages River- made iron and cultivated rice- migrated to Deccan plateau | 45 | |
| 6795009083 | Aryan politics | They lost their tribal organization and began directing affairs of small republics or regional kingdoms | 46 | |
| 6795009084 | Origins of the Caste System | Initially a simple Aryan society but intensified with growing complexity and interaction with Dravidian peoples- used Varna "color" for major social distinctions (light Aryans and dark Dravidians) | 47 | |
| 6795009085 | Untouchables | Lowest category of the caste system- performed unpleasant tasks | 48 | |
| 6795009086 | Subcastes and Jati | People working at the same task in a given area belonged to the same subcaste- they intermarried and became family-like | 49 | |
| 6795009087 | Caste and social mobility | Brahmins could lose their positions | 50 | |
| 6795009088 | The Lawbook of Manu | "Manu"- founder of human race in Indian mythology- this book dealt with social relationships, sex and gender relations.it advised men to respect and honor women but women would remain subject to the guidance of the principal men in their lives- it says the most important duty of women was to bear children and maintain wholesome homes for their families | 51 | |
| 6795009089 | Sati | A widowed woman would commit suicide to join her late husband in death- shows the value of a woman's devotion and subordination to her husband | 52 | |
| 6795009090 | The Upanishads | A body of works from the late Vedic age, in which most of the disciples were men but not all- taught that appearances are deceiving, Brahman is the universal soul, and that people would go through many cycles of life until they escape and enter into permanent union with Brahman (samsara). Karma was that your new life reflected the one you lived before. | 53 | |
| 6795009091 | 2 main rivers of early China | The Yellow River and the Yangzi River | 54 | |
| 6795009092 | The Yellow River | Huang He, had light colored loess soil- unleashes a tremendous flood that devastates fields- "China's Sorrow" | 55 | |
| 6795009093 | Yangshao Society | Village of Banpo- fine pottery and bone tools | 56 | |
| 6795009094 | The Xia Dynasty | Created precedent for hereditary monarchical rule in China- founded by King Yu- flood control projects- metallurgy- last king was oppressive who lost his realm to the founder of the Shang dynasty | 57 | |
| 6795009095 | The Shang Dynasty | Bronze, horse-drawn chariots used by nobles, powerful military, not highly centralized | 58 | |
| 6795009096 | Shang capital at Ao | City wall very fortified | 59 | |
| 6795009097 | The Shang Capital at Yin | Lavish tombs for kings including sacrificial victims | 60 |
