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| 5886511216 | Fall of Constantinople (1453) | Ottomans take, scholars flee leads to spread of ideas which leads to renaissance. End of Byzantine Empire and intros turks to Europe. | 0 | |
| 5886511217 | Black Death (1347-1352) | plague, killed 1/3-1/2 of population, ended feudalism, rise of middle class 3 responses 1) seclusion 2) deep religion 3) eat, drink, be merry | 1 | |
| 5886511218 | Decameron (1350) | Boccacio's book on Florence plague | 2 | |
| 5886511219 | Hundred Year's War (1337-1453) | England vs France over claim to French throne, rise of nationalism, end of chivalry, political centralization, English Parliament created | 3 | |
| 5886511220 | Humanism | back to the classics, human achievement matters. Italians emphasized study of ancient latin texts | 4 | |
| 5886511221 | Petrarch "Father of Humanism" (1304-1347) | credited for starting Renaissance, revived classic texts (Cicero), created term "humanism", death marked start of Renaissance... wore loral leaves for ancient greece | 5 | |
| 5886511222 | Machiavelli and The Prince (1469-1527) (Prince, 1513) | civic humanist, "ends justify the means," secular in stating religion as a tool. Described how a ruler needed to act in order to maintain power. Basic text of western political science. | 6 | |
| 5886511223 | Castiglione (1478-1529) (Courtier, 1528) | "The Courtier" model for Renaissance man. Serve court not God, new idea. | 7 | |
| 5886511224 | Printing press | Gutenberg, SPREAD OF IDEAS | 8 | |
| 5886511225 | Renaissance Era (1350-1550) | began in Florence, patronage led to new art, the Medici's. "rebirth" of new ideas, humanism, secularism, individualism. | 9 | |
| 5886511226 | Renaissance (art) | classicism, humanism, secularism, individualism North: dark, religious, royalty Italian: secular, humanist, wealthy merchant | 10 | |
| 5886511227 | Vernacular literature | Dante's "Divine Comedy" Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" literacy increases from 14th cen., taking texts and translating them into common language, more people read ancient ideas | 11 | |
| 5886511228 | Donatello (1386-1466) | "Bronze David" 1st freestanding nude since classical time, one of the Masters | 12 | |
| 5886511229 | Michelangelo (1475-1564) | "Marble David", "Creation of Adam" (Sistine chapel), "Pieta" (triangle symmetry), "Last Judgment," patronized by Pope Julius II. Master of Renaissance... moving into science, revolutionized sculptor | 13 | |
| 5886511230 | Naturalism (art) | emphasis on nature, secular, big in Northern Renaissance, realistic rather than spiritual ideal | 14 | |
| 5886511231 | Raphael (1483-1520) | "School of Athens," humanist, secular, individualist, loved to paint women, painted so many that he let go of them which allowed his art to spread | 15 | |
| 5886511232 | Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) | "Mona Lisa," "Lady with Ermine," "Last Supper," "Vitruvian Man," also interested in science. Symmetry and "sfumato" (smoky background) | 16 | |
| 5886511233 | Rembrandt (1606-1669) | Dutch Golden Age Master, painter/etcher | 17 | |
| 5886511234 | Mannerism (art) 1500's | artificial qualities, elongated figures, instability, intellectually sophisticated | 18 | |
| 5886511235 | Baroque 1600's | exaggerated, encouraged by Catholic Church as response to Reformation, think broken, includes tension | 19 | |
| 5886511236 | El Greco (1541-1614) | Spanish Renaissance, "the Greek," altarpieces | 20 | |
| 5886511237 | Rubens (1577-1640) | Baroque, heavy figures, history paintings, counter-reformation alter pieces | 21 | |
| 5886511238 | Scientific Revolution 1550s-1600s | paradigm shift, challenging old views leads to discovery... struggle between tradition and new views | 22 | |
| 5886511239 | Copernicus (1473-1543) | heliocentric universe, glorify God | 23 | |
| 5886511240 | Galileo (1564-1642) | experimental method, law of inertia, challenged Aristotle's "matter and form," tried in inquisition by Pope Urban VIII, challenged idea of "form" and "matter" | 24 | |
| 5886511241 | Newton (1642-1726) | SYNTHESIS, law of universal gravitation, laws of motion. His book Prinicipia presented 3 laws of motion and created Calculus. | 25 | |
| 5886511242 | Harvey (1578-1657) | circulatory system, heart like pump, modern medicine | 26 | |
| 5886511243 | Paracelsus (1491-1531) | sickness a chemical imbalance, pioneered drugs, studied alkahest(idea of an atom) | 27 | |
| 5886511244 | Bacon (1561-1626) | Empiricism, inductive reasoning through observation, practical, useful knowledge. | 28 | |
| 5886511245 | Descartes (1596-1650) | Cartesian Dualism, reality reduced to mind and matter, deductive reasoning, geometry | 29 | |
| 5886511246 | Kepler (1571-1630) | proved Copernican hypothesis with math, laws of planetary motion, Created idea of elliptical orbits, discredits Ptolemaic system | 30 | |
| 5886511247 | Richard III (R. 1483-85) | died in Battle of Bosworth, last York king, scoliosis, last warrior king | 31 | |
| 5886511248 | The Tudors | began with Henry VII (Lancaster) after Wars of the Roses | 32 | |
| 5886511249 | Star Chamber 1500s-1600s | court to try nobles and reduce aristocratic power, used by Henry VII, example of royal abuse, unfair trials | 33 | |
| 5886511250 | Ferdinand and Isabella (R. late 1400s-early 1500s) | political unification of Spain, unify in 1479, national church, Inquisition, Reconquista of land from Muslims, currency | 34 | |
| 5886511251 | Concordat of Bologna (1516) | Pope Leo X and Francis I, pope gets $ and king gets church control in France | 35 | |
| 5886511252 | Peace of Augsburg (1555) | let German princes chose religion in their state | 36 | |
| 5886511253 | Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) | ended wars over Religion, bad for Germany, good for France, promotes rise of diplomacy | 37 | |
| 5886511254 | Edict of Nantes (1598) | issued by Henry IV of France, politique, allowed Huguenots | 38 | |
| 5886511255 | Peace of Westphalia (1648) | ended 30YW, ended Catholic Ref. in Germany, renewed Augsburg, dissolved HRE | 39 | |
| 5886511256 | New forms of warfare | state had cannons, centralization as individuals can't afford same weaponry, limited noble power | 40 | |
| 5886511257 | Nobles of the robe | bankers, merchants, judges etc. in France, self made men. treated almost like nobles bc of their intelligence | 41 | |
| 5886511258 | Jean Bodin (1530-1596) | advocates strong central government, "theory of sovereignty" ruler had rights to tax, control, make laws etc. | 42 | |
| 5886511259 | Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) | idea of universal code, based on natural law, reduce gov't to a system, of reason and order | 43 | |
| 5886511260 | The Habsburgs (1438-1740) | ruled HRE, only united by Catholicism...until reformation | 44 | |
| 5886511261 | English Civil War (1642-1651) | Parliamentarians and Royalists fight over government, Charles I vs Oliver Cromwell. Monarchy vs Parliament | 45 | |
| 5886511262 | Charles I (R. 1625-1649) | first public beheading of monarch, was an absolutist and wouldn't work with Parliament, son of James I | 46 | |
| 5886511263 | James I (R. 1603 -1625 | King James Bible (1611), ruled first Scotland than Scotland and England, Protestant, believed in divine right | 47 | |
| 5886511264 | Oliver Cromwell (R. 1653-1658) as "Lord Protector" | Parliamentarian, puritan, lead Commonwealth of England, became dictator of the protectorate | 48 | |
| 5886511265 | Louis XIII (R. 1610-1643) | 2nd Bourbon king, overseen by Richelieu, Duchy of Brittany, took power as young child | 49 | |
| 5886511266 | Cardinal Richelieu "Red Eminence" (1585-1642) | Catholic, shady dealings, Machiavellian methods, rose to power by his own means, politique | 50 | |
| 5886511267 | Protestant Reformation | break from Rome, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinism, prompted predominantly by Henry VIII and Martin Luther, reach salvation through grace, not through actions in church | 51 | |
| 5886511268 | Indulgences | forgiveness of sins for $ | 52 | |
| 5886511269 | St. Teresa of Avila | "Ecstasy of St. Teresa," she got women involved in the church during Counter Reformation, connected with God in a dream and this led her to want to help reform | 53 | |
| 5886511270 | Index of Prohibited Books | books banned by Catholic Church in Counter Reformation | 54 | |
| 5886511271 | Inquisition (Roman, 1542) | Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, tried Protestants etc..... group inside Catholic church who would combat heresy | 55 | |
| 5886511272 | Book of Common Prayer (1549) | Thomas Cranmer for Anglican Church, under reign of Edward VI, included order and prayers for Church of England | 56 | |
| 5886511273 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to Protestant Reformation 1) Council of Trent 2) Jesuits 3) Spiritual Revival 4) revived papacy | 57 | |
| 5886511274 | Christian Humanism | classics combined with Catholicism, in making Bible accessible (Erasmus, Luther, Calvin), reform and deepen spiritual lives | 58 | |
| 5886511275 | Erasmus (1466-1536) | "Praise of Folly," humanist, education is means of reform | 59 | |
| 5886511276 | Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) | opposed Protestant Reformation, wrote "Utopia," canonized as martyr | 60 | |
| 5886511277 | Luther & 95 Theses (1517) | arguments against indulgences and other immoralities in Catholic Church "faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone" | 61 | |
| 5886511278 | Calvin (1509-1564) | Geneva became mode of ideal Reformed community, Protestantism in Switzerland, compelling force of international protestantism | 62 | |
| 5886511279 | Anabaptists | those who delay baptism until one chooses Christ, "radicals", separation of church and state like how it is in the New Testament | 63 | |
| 5886511280 | Jesuit Order | Super Catholics, Ignatius Loyola, very successful goals: 1) education 2) missions 3) fight Protestantism | 64 | |
| 5886511281 | Council of Trent (1545-1563) | called by Pope Paul III to: 1) affirm doctrine of 7 sacracments 2) reform church (trying to get people back to the faith) | 65 | |
| 5886511282 | Henry VIII (with Reformation) (R. 1509-1547) | Catholic turned Protestant bc he wanted to divorce wife, founder of Anglicanism with Act of Supremacy (1534), dissolved monasteries for $$ | 66 | |
| 5886511283 | Elizabeth I (with religion) (R. 1558-1603) | Anglican, had national church but "did not want to make windows" (politique) national unity of greater importance that having one religion, daughter of Henry and Anne, defeats Spanish Armada | 67 | |
| 5886511284 | Huguenots | French protestants | 68 | |
| 5886511285 | Puritans | religion under Cromwell, those who fled to NW and created New England when royalists regained power over England (when Elizabeth came to power) wanted to purify church of england from all forms of Catholicism | 69 | |
| 5886511286 | French Wars of Religion (1562-98) | weak monarchy under boy kings dominated by Catherine d'Medici, St. Bartholomew's Massacre, War of 3 Henries: 1) Henry III of Valois 2) Henry of Guise 3) Henry of Navarre (wins to become 1st Bourbon) Henry saves France with politique "Paris well worth a mass" Burbon Fam (Huguenots) vs Guise Fam (protestants) | 70 | |
| 5886511287 | St. Bartholomew's Massacre (1572) | 20,000 Huguenots killed, organized by Catherine d'Medici during Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre's marriage | 71 | |
| 5886511288 | Henry IV (R. 1589-1610) | Protestant turns Catholic to save France, wins War of the 3 Henries, 1st Bourbon king, Edict of Nantes 1598, politque "Paris well worth a mass" | 72 | |
| 5886511289 | Philip II England (R. 1556-1558) Spain (R. 1556-1598) | married to Mary Tudor, Catholic, defeated by Elizabeth I with his Spanish Armada | 73 | |
| 5886511290 | Spanish Armada (1588) | Spanish naval forces defeated against all odds bc of a storm, decisive win for England, leads to English Golden Age | 74 | |
| 5886511291 | Commercial motives of exploration | land in NW, goods, crops, slaves, prove strength | 75 | |
| 5886511292 | Religious motives of exploration | conversions to either Catholicism or Protestantism | 76 | |
| 5886511293 | Mercantilism | EXPORT don't import, gold and silver, changed European trade patterns, originally pursued by Colbert with France | 77 | |
| 5886511294 | Navigational technology | charts/maps, atlas, new ships, compass | 78 | |
| 5886511295 | Military technology | handguns, continued use of gunpowder, arequebus, 1st standing army (James II),faster ships, new metals | 79 | |
| 5886511296 | Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and South America | first country to enslave in NW, enslaved up to 4 million, also wanted: spices, dyes, wood, ivory | 80 | |
| 5886511297 | Spain in the Americas, Caribbean, and the Pacific | Spanish government allowed slave trade with Asiento (1518), Portugal got Africa and Spain the Americas, Columbus | 81 | |
| 5886511298 | France (exploration) | attempt to find Northern Passage, settled Canada, originally involved for spice trade | 82 | |
| 5886511299 | England (exploration) | attempt to find Northern Passage, settled New England, British East India Company | 83 | |
| 5886511300 | Netherlands (exploration) | discovers New England in attempt to become a commercial power, FUR TRADE | 84 | |
| 5886511301 | The Columbian Exchange | exchange between Old and New World, trade of foods, livestock, goods, diseases | 85 | |
| 5886511302 | African slave trade | formatted in a triangle between NW, OW, Africa | 86 | |
| 5886511303 | Economic changes | new social patterns and economic elite go hand in hand with banking/finance innovations | 87 | |
| 5886511304 | Double-entry bookkeeping | accounting | 88 | |
| 5886511305 | Bank of Amsterdam | 1st European national bank | 89 | |
| 5886511306 | The Dutch East India Company | monopoly on spice trade, went to India etc. | 90 | |
| 5886511307 | The British East India Company | TEA! acted as a sovereign power like a state, had stockholders | 91 | |
| 5886511308 | Gentry in England | new class of landowners created by Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, boosted economy | 92 | |
| 5886511309 | Hidalgos in Spain | nobles with out hereditary title (self-made men), landowners | 93 | |
| 5886511310 | Subsistence agriculture | 3 crop field rotation and later 4 crop rotations ex: wheat, oats, clover, turnips | 94 | |
| 5886511311 | Price Revolution 1400s-1600s | population increases, urbanization, huge inflation, gold and silver coming from NW, leads to market economy and widens gap between rich and poor | 95 | |
| 5886511312 | Enclosure movement 1700s | combination of small plots to make enclosed big plots, bad for poor farmers, good for production, led to market oriented farming | 96 | |
| 5886511313 | Serfdom codified in the east | Maria Theresa kept serfdom while others abolished it nobles dominated peasants lives and took away their rights , but reduced lords' power over serfs | 97 | |
| 5886511314 | German Peasant revolts (1524-1525) | inspired but rejected by Luther, who wanted church reform but not civil reform, includes thousands and organized but ultimately a failure | 98 | |
| 5886511315 | Expansion of cities | city sizes more than double, commoners go to cities for work ex: London grows in size more than 40% | 99 | |
| 5886511316 | Effects of population growth | improved production, lack of jobs/land leads to moving to new areas in Europe or moving to NW, increase in poverty | 100 | |
| 5886511317 | Effects of migration to cities | sanitation issue, poverty/crime, employment shortage, strained resources | 101 | |
| 5886511318 | Calvin's Geneva | model for reformed Christian society | 102 | |
| 5886511319 | La Querelle des Femmes | French debate about women's societal role, emergence of feminism | 103 | |
| 5886511320 | European Marriage Pattern | late marriage given each spouse sought economic independence, improved economy and restrained population growth | 104 | |
| 5886511321 | Blood sports | animal fighting for amusement | 105 | |
| 5886511322 | Charivari | mock serenade in derision of a person, used to censor unwanted behavior | 106 | |
| 5886511323 | Stockades | public punishment, deterrent | 107 | |
| 5886511324 | Witchcraft accusations 1400s-1700s | in both Catholic and Protestant regions, most in Scotland, 300,000 convicted, mostly unmarried women and social outcasts | 108 | |
| 5886511325 | Absolute Monarchy | sovereignty is main goal, all aspects of state (church, nobility, etc.) controlled | 109 | |
| 5886511326 | James I of England House of Stuart Scotland (R. 1567-1625) England (R. 1603-1625) | King James Bible (1611), tolerated Catholics, sent Virginia Company to create Jamestown in NW, ignored Parliament led to civil war, began witch hunts, translated bible to King James Version | 110 | |
| 5886511327 | Louis XIV of France House of Bourbon (R. 1643-1715) | "sun king," Revocation of Edict of Nantes (1598) replaced with Fontainebleau, Versailles, Louisiana | 111 | |
| 5886511328 | Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) | worked under Louis XIV, mercantilism, followed Dutch model to make French economically successful | 112 | |
| 5886511329 | Frederick II of Prussia House of Hohenzollern (R. 1740-1786) | allowed religious and intellectual freedom, "first subject of the state," educated the masses, strong military power | 113 | |
| 5886511330 | Enlightened absolutism | think but OBEY, freedoms given to an end, rationality, religious toleration | 114 | |
| 5886511331 | Partition of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795) | 3 divisions of Poland by RAP out of fear of Poland's constitutional monarchy, wipes Poland off of map, threatened balance of power | 115 | |
| 5886511332 | Peter the Great House of Romanov (R. 1682-1721) | westernized Russia, created military bureaucracy, founded St. Petersburg, absolute | 116 | |
| 5886511333 | Catherine the Great House of Romanov (R. 1762-1796) | "self-declared autocrat," largely westernized Russia, educated her people, Jews and Muslims were tolerated, killed her husband to gain power | 117 | |
| 5886511334 | English Bill of Rights (1689) | inspired American Declaration of Independence, many of the same components | 118 | |
| 5886511335 | The Dutch Republic | merchant oligarchy, religious tolerance, Dutch Golden Age | 119 | |
| 5886511336 | Maria Theresa House of Habsburg HRE Empress (R. 1745-1765) Ruler of Austria, Croatia, Hungary (R. 1740-1780) | founded hospitals, SCHOOLS, decreased papacy and nobility's power in state, created central bureaucracy | 120 | |
| 5886511337 | Battle of Vienna (1683) | central European kingdoms vs Ottomans, Siege of Vienna, largest cavalry charge in history, end of ottoman empire | 121 | |
| 5886511338 | Louis XIV's wars (1661-1715) | all attempts for French land gain, 4 wars and other smaller conflicts, aka 9 years war | 122 | |
| 5886511339 | War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) | triggered by death of heirless Charles II King of Spain, throne given to Louis XIV's grandson caused concern of Bourbon monopoly, led to wars. France vs. HRE | 123 | |
| 5886511340 | Voltaire (1694-1778) | "Candide," anti-war, separation of church and state, freedom of religion | 124 | |
| 5886511341 | Diderot (1713-1784) | "Diderot's Encyclopedia" synthesized his period's general knowledge into accessible form, led to greater literacy etc. | 125 | |
| 5886511342 | Locke "Father of Liberalism" (1632-1704) | empiricism, mind blank slate at birth and all acquired by experience, "Two Treatises on Government", supported self gov and natural rights | 126 | |
| 5886511343 | Montesquieu (1689-1755) | "The Spirit of the Laws," SEPERATION OF POWERS 1) executive, 2) legislative, 3) judiciary..... ideas basis of constitution | 127 | |
| 5886511344 | Beccaria (1738-1798) | "Essays on Crimes and Punishments," innocent until proven guilty, laws to preserve order not punish | 128 | |
| 5886511345 | Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) | French feminist in Revolution, killed by guillotine in radical phase "Declaration of the Rights of Women", playwright | 129 | |
| 5886511346 | Rousseau (1712-1778) | "The Social Contract," humans good by nature but corrupted by society, GENERAL WILL is always correct, inspired French to overthrow monarch, direct democracy | 130 | |
| 5886511347 | Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) | "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," pioneer of modern feminism, also education reform | 131 | |
| 5886511348 | Salons and academies | intellectual discussion in groups hosted by wealthy elite which led to spread of ideas, led to Enlightenment ideas passed down to lower classes | 132 | |
| 5886511349 | Kant (1724-1804) | central figure in modern philosophy/democracy, idea of the "nonage," used rationalism and empiricism, HUMAN AUTONAMY, human mind=human experience | 133 | |
| 5886511350 | development of "public opinion" | GENRAL WILL, also spread of literacy with accessible literature | 134 | |
| 5886511351 | Mercantilism (2) | after France's success with mercantilism, other countries followed suit, but couldn't work with everyone exporting and not importing | 135 | |
| 5886511352 | Adam Smith (1723-1790) | free market LAISSEZ FAIRE economy, "Wealth of Nations" first modern work of economics, division of labor and invisible hand | 136 | |
| 5886511353 | Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) | advocate for economic liberalism, "Reflexions" says land is the only source of wealth, theory of interest rate | 137 | |
| 5886511354 | Natural religion | Hume's "Natural History of Religion," some kind of higher power but not necessarily God | 138 | |
| 5886511355 | religious tolerance | Enlightened absolutists, Elizabeth I "to not make windows," Edict of Nantes, Westphalia, Augsburg | 139 | |
| 5886511356 | Deism, Skepticism, atheism | deism: intelligent being, not necessarily God skepticism: question all atheism: no God | 140 | |
| 5886511357 | David Hume (1711-1776) | said all religion "traces, in the end, to dread of the unknown" so based on fear, not reason | 141 | |
| 5886511358 | Baron d'Holbach (1724-1789) | "The System of Nature," noted atheist, body as clock logic | 142 | |
| 5886511359 | Baroque art and music 1600s-1700s | reply to controlled, dull art of Protestant Reformation/mannerism, "broken" included Bernini, Rubens, Bach, palace at Versailles | 143 | |
| 5886511360 | J.S. Bach (1685-1750) | Baroque composer known for harmony, artistic beauty and intellectual depth in music | 144 | |
| 5886511361 | Neoclassicism | drawing again from the "classics", decorative and visual arts, derived from Ancient Greece and Rome | 145 | |
| 5886511362 | Dutch Art | Jan Van Eyck, Rembrandt, Breughel | 146 | |
| 5886511363 | Rembrandt (1606-1669) | methods: chiaroscuro types of work: prints, painting the Dutch master, self portraits and bible scenes | 147 | |
| 5886511364 | Vermeer (1632-1675) | depicted middle class life ex: Girl with a Pearl Earring | 148 | |
| 5886511365 | Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) | "Robinson Crusoe,"(whit and black man characters) pioneer of novel form in English literature, early idea of "white man's burden" | 149 | |
| 5886511366 | Goethe (1749-1832) | "Faust," against radical rationalism, stated necessity of art in society, poet/Enlightenment, Sturm and Drang school led to emergence of Romanticism | 150 | |
| 5886511367 | mass politics (1880-1914) | result of rise of mass society w/ Industrial Revolution, major rise in political interest/action | 151 | |
| 5886511368 | Nationalism | rose greatly as a result of Napoleon's wars, countries identified as countries | 152 | |
| 5886511369 | emergence of Romanticism end of 18th century | combination of reaction to Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment, rationalization of nature, sublimity, awe etc. EMOTION, included: Byron, Keats etc. | 153 | |
| 5886511370 | Main causes of the revolution | success of American Revolution, financial issues/debt, Enlightenment thought, estates and Old Regime, conflict between Bourgeoisie and nobility | 154 | |
| 5886511371 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) | establishes natural rights and freedoms for all men | 155 | |
| 5886511372 | Abbe Sieyès (1748-1863) | "What is the 3rd Estate?", 1st estate member who brought a voice to the masses | 156 | |
| 5886511373 | The Jacobin Republic | Radicals key players: Robespierre, Danton, Marat | 157 | |
| 5886511374 | Marie Antoinette (R. 1774-1792) | represented hated French extravagance | 158 | |
| 5886511375 | Louis XVI (R. 1774-1792) | clung to Old Regime and executed for it | 159 | |
| 5886511376 | Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793) | killed by Charlotte Courday, martyr of Revolution | 160 | |
| 5886511377 | La Marseilles | French national anthem, created in one night during the Revolution | 161 | |
| 5886511378 | Robespierre (1758-1794) | head of Committee on Public Safety, said "virtue powerless without fear" Justification for use of terror | 162 | |
| 5886511379 | Reign of Terror (1793-1794) | radical phase, people tried for being "enemies of the revolution", GUILLOTINE | 163 | |
| 5886511380 | Toussaint L'Ouverture & the slave revolt in Saint Domingue | Haiti formed, slavery abolished in French colonies | 164 | |
| 5886511381 | Napoleon Bonaparte (R. 1804-1814) | French hero but also tyrant, Napoleonic Code, domestic reforms and incredible military successes | 165 | |
| 5886511382 | Concordat of 1801 | Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, re-established Catholicism in France under the understanding Napoleon controlled the church | 166 | |
| 5886511383 | Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804) | established security of wealth and private property, equality of men before law, made women dependents | 167 | |
| 5886511384 | Women during French Revolution | March on Versailles in October Days, Olympe de Gouges, Wollstonecraft, Courday | 168 | |
| 5886511385 | Napoleon military tactics | failed invasion of Russia, dissolved HRE, Continental System, European Campaign and many more | 169 | |
| 5886511386 | Responses to Napoleons expansion | rise of French nationalism and other nationalism | 170 | |
| 5886511387 | The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) | BRAP and Bourbon France conference, led by Austria Goals: peace plan for Europe, defeat Bonaparte | 171 | |
| 5886511388 | Free market economy | Adam Smith's Laissez Faire, economic liberalism, no control by government (this is how it all was before government kicked in, then this movement to return to the old ways) | 172 | |
| 5886511389 | Le Chapelier laws (1791) | ban on guilds by National Assembly | 173 | |
| 5886511390 | Thomas Malthus (1766-1864) | Malthusian population theory, population will outgrow food supply, however not proponent of birth control (don't be confused by Malthusian league, who was, and who used his name and idea of exponential population growth for their purposes) | 174 | |
| 5886511391 | Swift's Modest Proposal | satire that says the Irish could solve problems of poverty by killing and eating their children | 175 | |
| 5886511392 | The Agricultural Revolution 1700s | time of great agricultural progress all SET: Scientific Revolution Entrepreneurship Technology (new) | 176 | |
| 5886511393 | cottage industries | production through working at home system | 177 | |
| 5886511394 | Bank of England (1694) | included system of money and credit, government backing but commercially run meant less risk | 178 | |
| 5886511395 | Mercantilism exploited colonies | took resources, captured slaves, created unrest ex: warfare in Africa | 179 | |
| 5886511396 | Middle Passage | stage of Atlantic Triangle Trade | 180 | |
| 5886511397 | European consumer culture | production of goods controlled by demand, start of modern economy | 181 | |
| 5886511398 | Columbian Exchange | between New and Old World | 182 | |
| 5886511399 | Triangle Trade | included slaves, cash crop, manufactured goods between Africa, America, Europe | 183 | |
| 5886511400 | Sugar, tobacco, rum, etc. | some of the goods imported in Triangle Trade system (rum and tobacco in America, sugar made in Europe, slave labor from Africa) | 184 | |
| 5886511401 | population growth | inoculation reduced smallpox mortality, plague goes away, food supply and population increase | 185 | |
| 5886511402 | smallpox inoculation | pioneered by Lady Wortley Montague who witnessed them in Asia and brought them to England | 186 | |
| 5886511403 | Consumer Revolution (1600-1750) | increase of buying luxury goods caused by emergence of disposable income, new marketing methods | 187 | |
| 5886511404 | Changes to private lives | homes include private spaces, readily accessible literature leads to introspection | 188 | |
| 5886511405 | Boudoirs | women's private rooms | 189 | |
| 5886511406 | new consumer goods in homes | porcelain, Wedgewood, cotton and linen décor, mirrors, prints, TP | 190 | |
| 5886511407 | new leisure venues | coffee and chocolate houses, taverns, theatres, dance halls, opera, idea of celebrity emerges | 191 | |
| 5886511408 | Changes to child-raising | more time/resources dedicated as child mortality rates decreased | 192 | |
| 5886511409 | Commercial Revolution 1200s to 1700s | period of economic expansion, colonialism and mercantilism | 193 |
