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| 8459467143 | abolitionist movement | An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. |  | 0 |
| 8459467145 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution. |  | 1 |
| 8459467147 | Estates-General | French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. | 2 | |
| 8459467149 | French Revolution | Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy. |  | 3 |
| 8459467152 | Haitian Revolution | The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). | 4 | |
| 8459467154 | Latin American Revolutions | Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. | 5 | |
| 8459467157 | Nation | A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience. | 6 | |
| 8459467158 | Nationalism | The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century. | 7 | |
| 8459467159 | American Revolution | Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy. | 8 | |
| 8459467166 | Bourgeoisie | Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople." |  | 9 |
| 8459467168 | Crimean War | Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia. |  | 10 |
| 8459467169 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today |  | 11 |
| 8459467171 | Karl Marx | German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. | 12 | |
| 8459467172 | Middle class values | Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability." | 13 | |
| 8459467176 | Proletariat | Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population. | 14 | |
| 8459467177 | Steam engine | Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible. |  | 15 |
| 8459467178 | Boxer Rebellion | Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed |  | 16 |
| 8459467179 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. |  | 17 |
| 8459467180 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor |  | 18 |
| 8459467181 | Matthew Perry | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. |  | 19 |
| 8459467182 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. |  | 20 |
| 8459467183 | Russo-Japanese War | Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. |  | 21 |
| 8459467185 | Self-strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. | 22 | |
| 8459467186 | The Sick Man of Europe | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. |  | 23 |
| 8459467187 | Social Darwinism | An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century. |  | 24 |
| 8459467188 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |  | 25 |
| 8459467189 | Tanzimat Reforms | Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization." |  | 26 |
| 8459467190 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868. |  | 27 |
| 8459467191 | Unequal treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. | 28 | |
| 8459467192 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. | 29 | |
| 8459467193 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire |  | 30 |
| 8459467194 | Apartheid | Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks. |  | 31 |
| 8459467195 | Cash crop agriculture | Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves. |  | 32 |
| 8459467196 | Leopold II | his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths. |  | 33 |
| 8459467198 | Indian Rebellion/Sepoy Rebellion | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. |  | 34 |
| 8459467199 | Scramble for Africa | Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900. |  | 35 |
| 8459467201 | Mass Production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks. |  | 36 |
| 8459467203 | mercantilism | A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country | 37 | |
| 8459467204 | Capitalism | (1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. | 38 | |
| 8459467205 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. |  | 39 |
| 8459467211 | Janissary | a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks |  | 40 |
| 8459467213 | Tanzimat | 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. | 41 | |
| 8459467214 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | 42 | |
| 8459467215 | Canton System | The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou). | 43 | |
| 8459467220 | Separate Spheres | Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics |  | 44 |
| 8459467221 | Universal Male Suffrage | The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's | 45 |
