Terms : Hide Images
| 5735651286 | Leonardo da Vinci | (1452-1519) contributed to modern concept of artist as an original thinker, saw art from a scientific POV and science from an artistic POV, true "Renaissance man" | 0 | |
| 5735651287 | Castiglione | wrote The Courtier, sought to fashion the young gentleman into the courtly ideal, trained in physical, spiritual, intellectual and artistic pursuits | 1 | |
| 5735651289 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527), wrote The Prince, showed how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase his power, concludes that humans are inherently selfish, combine qualities of fox and lion, two basic ideas: one permanent social order reflecting God's ideals cannot be established and politics has its own laws and ought to be a science | 2 | |
| 5735651290 | Thomas More | (1478-1535), wrote Utopia, presents a revolutionary view of society, believed society's flawed institutions were responsible for corruption and war, necessary to reform social institutions that molded the individual | 3 | |
| 5735651291 | Erasmus | (1466-1536), believed education was the means to reform, and that Christianity is Christ's life, humanist | 4 | |
| 5735651292 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546), articulated the widespread desire for reform of church and deep yearning for salvation, very conscientious friar, but doubted the value of the monastic life, troubled by sale of indulgences, writes 95 Theses and launches Protestant Reformation | 5 | |
| 5735651295 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) developed Calvinism, believed in predestination-God selects certain people for salvation and condemns the rest, emphasized the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity, held Genevans to a high standard of morality, emphasized aggressive, vigorous activism | 6 | |
| 5735651297 | Ignatius Loyola | (1491-1556) founded the Jesuit order, goal to help souls, spread Christian ideals through education | 7 | |
| 5735651299 | Christopher Columbus | discovered the New World, cruel and ineffective governor of Spain's Caribbean colony, sought a more direct route to the East Indies, laid the foundation for Spanish imperial administration in the Canary Islands | 8 | |
| 5735651304 | William Shakespeare | (1564-1616), most famous playwright of all time, original characters, great understanding of human psychology, diverse plots, unexcelled gift for language, appreciated classical culture, individualism and humanism | 9 | |
| 5735651306 | Richelieu | (1585-1642), ruled as regent in place of Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism, reshuffled royal council to curb the power of the nobility, established intendant system—intendants appointed directly by the monarch, solely responsible to him, enforced royal orders and weakened the power of the nobility, established French Academy to standardize language | 10 | |
| 5735651307 | Jean-Baptiste Colbert | (1619-1683), appointed minister of finance by Louis XIV, applied system of mercantilism to France, believed France should be self-sufficient, attempted to accomplish this through state support of industries, created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods, hoped to make Canada part of a vast French empire | 11 | |
| 5735651313 | John Locke | (1632-1704), wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government, maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty and property, a government that oversteps this is a tyranny and must be overthrown, also wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, put forth the tabula rasa theory, which suggests that all ideas are derived from experience | 12 | |
| 5735651314 | Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473-1543), felt that Ptolemy's rules for the movement of the planets detracted from the majesty of a perfect universe, preferred the idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe, suggested a universe of staggering size, destroyed idea of crystal spheres, attacked by religious leaders, events brought credibility to the Copernican hypothesis (new star, new comet) | 13 | |
| 5735651316 | Johannes Kepler | (1571-1630), made sense of Brahe's observations, formulated three laws of planetary motion: 1) orbits of planets are elliptical, 2) planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits, 3) the time a planet takes to complete its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun | 14 | |
| 5735651317 | Galileo Galilei | (1564-1642), challenged old ideas about motion, elaborated on and consolidated the experimental method, now people could conduct controlled experiments, formulated the law of inertia, which explained that an object continues in motion forever until stopped by an external force, applied experimental method to astronomy | 15 | |
| 5735651318 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727), united experimental and theoretical/mathematical sides of science, created a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and mechanics, created the law of universal gravitation | 16 | |
| 5735651319 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626), argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research, formulated empirical method, claimed it would result in highly practical knowledge | 17 | |
| 5735651320 | Rene Descartes | (1596-1650), discovered analytic geometry, showed that geometric figures could be expressed as algebraic equations and vice versa, established Cartesian dualism, which reduced everything to physical and spiritual entities | 18 | |
| 5735651323 | Montesquieu | (1689-1755), used wit as a weapon against cruelty and superstition, applied critical method to government in The Spirit of Laws, argued that despotism could be avoided through a separation of powers, believed a strong, independent upper class was very important | 19 | |
| 5735651324 | Voltaire | (1694-1778), struggled against legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law, shared Montesquieu's enthusiasm for English institutions, mixed glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better institutions and individuals, did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs, challenged Christianity, believed in a deistic God (the great Clockmaker), hated all forms of religious intolerance | 20 | |
| 5735651327 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | (1712-1778), greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire, committed to individual freedom, felt civilization destroyed the individual, believed the general will reflected the common interests of the people, and that it must be interpreted by a small, far-seeing minority, called for greater love and tenderness towards children | 21 | |
| 5735651328 | Immanuel Kant | (1724-1804), greatest German philosopher of the age, believed in freedom of the press | 22 | |
| 5735651332 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790), established the basis for modern economics, opposed mercantilism, advocated free competition, believed the purpose of the government was for defense, maintenance of civil order and support of key social institutions, claimed market would be regulated by an "invisible hand" | 23 | |
| 5735651333 | Edward Jenner | (1749-1823), collected data on the prevention of smallpox by cowpox, able to produce a vaccine for smallpox | 24 | |
| 5735651335 | Maximilien Robespierre | (1758-1794), head of the Committee of Public Safety, organized the Reign of Terror, executed by guillotine during Thermidorian Reaction | 25 | |
| 5735651336 | Edmund Burke | (1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny | 26 | |
| 5735651337 | Mary Wollstonecraft | (1759-1797), wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women, firm feminist, demanded education for women, advocated female participation in politics and an expansion of women's rights | 27 | |
| 5735651339 | James Watt | (1736-1819), invented a more efficient steam engine, added a separate condenser to improve the Newcomen engine, solved the crisis of energy for Britain | 28 | |
| 5735651340 | Thomas Malthus | (1766-1834), wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, argued that population would always outstrip the food supply, believed people should marry later in life to reduce population growth | 29 | |
| 5735651345 | Friedrich Engels | (1820-1895), wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England, claimed industrial capitalism had caused a dramatic increase in poverty, later the colleague of Karl Marx, wrote The Communist Manifesto | 30 | |
| 5735651346 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858), manufacturer in Scotland, believed employing children under 10 was detrimental to them and did not benefit factory owners, organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, collapsed | 31 | |
| 5735651348 | Charles Fourier | (1772-1837), advocated a socialist utopian made up of self-sufficient communities, supported the total emancipation of women, criticized marriage | 32 | |
| 5735651351 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883), published The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels, believed the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie were inevitably opposed, proletariat would triumph in a violent revolution | 33 | |
| 5735651358 | John Constable | (1776-1821), English romantic painter, painted gentle landscapes in which human beings were at peace with their environments | 34 | |
| 5735651359 | Ludwig van Beethoven | (1770-1827), composer, used contrasting themes and tones to create drama | 35 | |
| 5735651361 | Louis Pasteur | (1822-1895), developed the germ theory of disease, found that the growth of bacteria could be suppressed by heat (pasteurization) | 36 | |
| 5735651364 | Auguste Comte | (1798-1857), French philosopher, wrote System of Positive Philosophy, postulated that all intellectual activity passes through predictable stages, developed positivist method, a discipline of sociology | 37 | |
| 5735651366 | Charles Darwin | (1809-1882), all life had evolved from a constant struggle for survival, believed that chance differences among members of a certain species allowed them to survive, variations eventually spread to entire species | 38 | |
| 5735651367 | Herbert Spencer | (1820-1903), Social Darwinist, saw the human race as driven toward ever greater specialization in the brutal economic struggle | 39 | |
| 5735651368 | Emile Zola | (1840-1902), realist writer, violently criticized social situation, strict determinist, famous for animalistic view of working class life, sympathized with socialism | 40 | |
| 5735651372 | Cavour | dominant figure in Sardinia government 1850-1861, worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy, worked for a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III against Austria, regained Napoleon's support by ceding Savoy and Nice to France | 41 | |
| 5735651373 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-1882), personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism of Mazzini, aimed to "liberate" the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, his Red Shirts roused the peasants and conquered Sicily | 42 | |
| 5735651381 | Cecil Rhodes | led British imperialism in Africa, conquered Bechuanaland (Botswana) and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia), developed gold mines, laid the foundations for apartheid | 43 | |
| 5735651383 | J. A. Hobson | (1858-1940), criticized imperialism, felt it was caused by the needs of unregulated capitalism, argued that imperial possessions did not benefit the country as a whole, believed it diverted attention away from domestic reform, morally condemned whites ruling nonwhites | 44 | |
| 5735651386 | Rasputin | self-proclaimed holy man, great influence over Tsarina Alexandra, treated son Alexei's hemophilia through hypnosis, murdered in December 1916 | 45 | |
| 5735651387 | Frederich Nietzsche | (1844-1900), German philosopher, believed West overemphasized rationality and stifled passion and creativity, questioned all values, claimed Christianity glorified weakness, envy and mediocrity, believed pillars of conventional morality needed to be replaced | 46 | |
| 5735651393 | Marie Curie | (1867-1934), discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic weight | 47 | |
| 5735651395 | Albert Einstein | (1879-1955), undermined Newtonian physics, theory of space relativity postulated that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer, only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference, stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, greatly expanded the world of physics | 48 | |
| 5735651398 | Sigmund Freud | (1856-1939), believed the human mind is basically irrational, controlled by id (irrational unconscious), ego (rationalizing conscious) and superego (ingrained moral values), mechanisms of traditional society and rationality restrain passion and sexual desires, received popular attention in 1918, undermined optimism about rational nature of human mind |  | 49 |
| 5735651409 | John Maynard Keynes | (1883-1946), English economist, believed harsh reparations would impoverish Germany and increase economic hardship in all other European countries, only a complete revision of the treaty could save Europe, advocated the use of large-scale deficits to stimulate the economy | 50 | |
| 5735651413 | Karl Lueger | (1844-1910), mayor of Vienna, succeeded in winning support of the people, greatly influenced Hitler, showed him the enormous potential of anticapitalist and antiliberal propaganda | 51 | |
| 5735651414 | Gandhi | (1869-1948), built a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British, received a constitution in 1935, practically a blueprint for independence | 52 | |
| 5735651417 | Simone de Beauvoir | (1908-1986), feminist, wrote The Second Sex, analyzed position of women through framework of existentialist thought, women trapped by limiting and inflexible conditions, must use courageous action and self-assertive creativity to break free | 53 | |
| 5735651419 | Lech Walesa | (1943-), leader of Solidarity Movement in Poland, settled for minor government concessions, refused to use force to challenge directly Communist monopoly of power, elected president of Poland in 1989, made a clean break with state planning and moved quickly to market mechanisms and private property | 54 |
