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| 4758821531 | Government | The institutions and processes through which public policies are made for a society. | 0 | |
| 4758821532 | Collective Goods | benefits, sought by groups, that are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers | 1 | |
| 4758821533 | Politics | Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how) | 2 | |
| 4758821534 | Political Participation | All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue | 3 | |
| 4758821535 | Single-Issue Groups | Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features distinguish them from traditional interest groups. | 4 | |
| 4758821536 | Policymaking System | The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. People's interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems, and concerns. | 5 | |
| 4758821537 | Linkage Institutions | Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions. | 6 | |
| 4758821538 | Policy Agenda | the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time | 7 | |
| 4758821539 | Political Issue | an issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it | 8 | |
| 4758821540 | Policymaking Institutions | The branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. The U.S. Constitution established three policymaking institutions-the congress, the presidency, and the courts. Today, the power of the bureaucracy is so great that most political scientist consider it a fourth policy making institution | 9 | |
| 4758821541 | Public Policy | the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem | 10 | |
| 4758821542 | Policy Impacts | The effects a policy has on people and problems. Impacts are analyzed to see how well a policy has met its goal and at what cost. | 11 | |
| 4758821543 | Democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 12 | |
| 4758821544 | Majority Rule | Governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority. | 13 | |
| 4758821545 | Minority Rights | A principle of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reasoned argument. | 14 | |
| 4758821546 | Representation | A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers. | 15 | |
| 4758821547 | Pluralism | A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. | 16 | |
| 4758821548 | Elitism | A theory of government and politics contending that an upper-class elite will hold most of the power and thus in effect run the government. | 17 | |
| 4758821549 | Hyperpluralism | Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness. | 18 | |
| 4758821550 | Policy Gridlock | A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. The result is that nothing may get done. | 19 | |
| 4758821551 | Political Culture | An overall set of values widely shared within a society | 20 | |
| 4758821552 | Gross Domestic Product | The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation | 21 | |
| 4758821553 | Constitution | A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society | 22 | |
| 4758821554 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. | 23 | |
| 4758821555 | Natural Rights | Life, Liberty, and Property | 24 | |
| 4758821556 | Consent of the Governed | The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people. | 25 | |
| 4758821557 | Limited Government | In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions. | 26 | |
| 4758821558 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | 27 | |
| 4758821559 | Shay's Rebellion | This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes | 28 | |
| 4758821560 | US Constitution | "The supreme law of the land." Written in 1787 at Philadelphia Convention to replace Articles of Confederation and create stronger central government. Outlines structure & power of 3 branches of national government. Oldest written constitution still in use (but amended 27 times plus myriad informal amendments). | 29 | |
| 4758821561 | Factions | Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties. | 30 | |
| 4758821562 | New Jersey Plan | A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress | 31 | |
| 4758821563 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | 32 | |
| 4758821564 | Connecticut Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. | 33 | |
| 4758821565 | Writ of Habeus Corpus | order that requires gov. to bring a prisoner before a judge and explain why they are being held | 34 | |
| 4758821566 | Separation of Powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law | 35 | |
| 4758821567 | Checks and Balances | A major principle of the American system of government. Helps maintain separation of powers so that no one branch gets too powerful. Explained in Federalist 51. Examples: President vetos laws; Senate confirms appointments & treaties; Congress impeaches president & judges... | 36 | |
| 4758821568 | Republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 37 | |
| 4758821569 | Federalists | A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. | 38 | |
| 4758821570 | Anti-Federalists | Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. | 39 | |
| 4758821571 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 40 | |
| 4758821572 | Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions. | 41 | |
| 4758821573 | Equal Rights Amendment | constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender | 42 | |
| 4758821574 | Marbury v. Madison | This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review | 43 | |
| 4758821575 | Judicial Review | Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws | 44 | |
| 4758821576 | Federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments | 45 | |
| 4758821577 | Unitary Governments | A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most national governments today are unitary governments. | 46 | |
| 4758821578 | Intergovernmental Relations | The workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments. | 47 | |
| 4758821579 | Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. | 48 | |
| 4758821580 | Tenth Amendment | Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states | 49 | |
| 4758821581 | McCullough v. Maryland | Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal institution | 50 | |
| 4758821582 | Enumerated Powers | Powers given to the national government alone | 51 | |
| 4758821583 | Implied Powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution | 52 | |
| 4758821584 | Elastic Clause | Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. | 53 | |
| 4758821585 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Commerce clause cahttps://quizlet.com/146338098/autosaved#se (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. Pair with Lopez & Morrison cases (limiting commerce power). | 54 | |
| 4758821586 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state | 55 | |
| 4758821587 | Extradition | A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. | 56 | |
| 4758821588 | Privileges and immunities | States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states (article 4) | 57 | |
| 4758821589 | Dual Federalism | System of federalism that strictly separates federal power (ex. foreign relations) and state power (ex. protect against crime). Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. Probably how the Founders thought America would work (enumerated federal powers + reserved state powers). Also known as "layer-cake federalism." | 58 | |
| 4758821590 | Cooperative Federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. | 59 | |
| 4758821591 | Devolution | An effort to shirft responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size &activites of the fed. govt; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local govts | 60 | |
| 4758821592 | Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments. | 61 | |
| 4758821593 | Categorical Grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. Compare to block grants. | 62 | |
| 4758821594 | Project Grants | Congress appropriates a certain sum, which is allocated to state and local units and sometimes to nongovernmental agencies, based on applications from those who wish to participate. Examples are grants by the National Science Foundation to universities and research institutes to support the work of scientists or grants to states and localities to support training and employment programs. | 63 | |
| 4758821595 | Formula Grants | Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. | 64 | |
| 4758821596 | Block Grants | Grants ($) given to the states by the federal government for a general purpose (like education or road-building). Unlike categorical grants, states have discretion to decide how to spend the money. Example = Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) (States develop and implement welfare programs using federal money). | 65 |
