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| 9855537045 | describe and define developing country | a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially | 0 | |
| 9855564382 | 5 examples of developing countries | India, Brazil, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka | 1 | |
| 9855579902 | describe and define developed/ industrialized countries | highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations | 2 | |
| 9855588167 | list 5 developed countries | USA, Australia, UK, Canada, Japan | 3 | |
| 9855599480 | GDP is ______ in developed countries and _____ in developing countries | high, low | 4 | |
| 9855678171 | Infant mortality is ____ in developed countries and ____ in developing countries | low, high | 5 | |
| 9855688619 | Life expectancy is ____ in developed countries and ____ in developing countries | high, low | 6 | |
| 9855691850 | literacy | ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential | 7 | |
| 9855706474 | Adult literacy is ____ in developed countries and ____ in developing countries | high, low | 8 | |
| 9855715939 | Annual population growth is _____ in developed countries and ____ in developing countries | low, high | 9 | |
| 9855720214 | ionizing radiation | radiation consisting of particles, X-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes | 10 | |
| 9855729344 | First law of thermodynamics | total energy of a isolated system is constant/ energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another | 11 | |
| 9856016611 | second law of thermodynamics | total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time (always increasing in entropy) | 12 | |
| 9856028007 | half- life | the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value | 13 | |
| 9856037036 | nuclear fission | a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energy (fission is division) | 14 | |
| 9856039984 | nuclear fusion | a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy | 15 | |
| 9856050638 | humus | the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms (o horizon) | 16 | |
| 9856070982 | leaching | drain away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating (filtering gradually) liquid, especially rainwater | 17 | |
| 9856084668 | illuviation | the introduction of salts or colloids into one soil horizon from another by percolating water | 18 | |
| 9856093184 | loam | a soil with roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay | 19 | |
| 9856102340 | ways to conserve soil | buffer-strips (decrease erosion), No-till farming (growing crops with out disturbing soil), plant trees, crop rotation | 20 | |
| 9856154107 | nitrogen fixation | the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle | 21 | |
| 9856161177 | ammonification | performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia | 22 | |
| 9856169753 | nitrification | Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate (after ammonification) | 23 | |
| 9856173868 | assimilation | the process of incorporating a nutrient into an organism's cells | 24 | |
| 9856188277 | denitrification | reduction of nitrates or nitrites commonly by bacteria (as in soil) that usually results in the escape of nitrogen into the air | 25 | |
| 9856198437 | why is phosphorous a limiting factor | small quantities and its not water soluble | 26 | |
| 9856212543 | eutrophication | body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae. This process may result in oxygen depletion of the water body | 27 | |
| 9856224475 | photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (plants make their own food) | 28 | |
| 9856238508 | aerobic respiration | process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen/ C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O | 29 | |
| 9856250202 | anaerobic respiration | type of respiration that does not use oxygen. It is used when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. It can be summarised by the following equation: glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released) | 30 | |
| 9856257510 | largest reserves of carbon | ocean(largest), atmosphere, rocks | 31 | |
| 9856276432 | autotrophs | producers/ make their own food | 32 | |
| 9856280194 | 10% rule | only 10% or energy is passed up in the food chain | 33 | |
| 9856290170 | primary succesion | occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited. | 34 | |
| 9856297111 | secondary succession | process started by an event (e.g. forest fire, harvesting, hurricane, etc.) that reduces an already established ecosystem (e.g. a forest or a wheat field) to a smaller population of species | 35 | |
| 9856303906 | mutualism | beneficial to both organisms (bee and flower) | 36 | |
| 9856317084 | commensalism | one organism benefits one is not benefited or harmed (barnacles and whales) | 37 | |
| 9856329357 | parasitism | one organism is benefited while the other is harmed (dog and tick) | 38 | |
| 9856335599 | Biome | a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat (tundra, grassland, forest, dessert) | 39 | |
| 9856346042 | carrying capacity | the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation | 40 | |
| 9856408759 | r stategist | emphasize high growth rates, typically exploit less-crowded ecological niches, and produce many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood | 41 | |
| 9856416669 | k stategist | occupy more stable environments. They are larger in size and have longer life expectancies. ... They produce, during their life spans, fewer progeny, but place a greater investment in each | 42 | |
| 9856430966 | natural selection | the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring (charles darwin) now believed to be the main cause of extinction | 43 | |
| 9856442686 | genetic engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material | 44 | |
| 9856449098 | rule of 70 | way to estimate the number of years it takes for a certain variable to double ( 70/ growth rate) | 45 | |
| 9856461581 | malthus | believed that the human population exhibits exponential growth, which is when the increase is proportional to the amount already present | 46 | |
| 9856478860 | replacement fertlity | term commonly used by demographers when referring to levels of childbearing (around 2.1 children per women) | 47 | |
| 9856496867 | current world population | 7.3 billion | 48 | |
| 9856503507 | age structure diagram | shows the distribution by ages of females and males within a certain population in graphic form | 49 | |
| 9867111738 | what are the 3 most populated countries | China, India, Unites States | 50 | |
| 9867132975 | what is the most important factor affecting population growth | 1. humans developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planet's climate zones and habitats 2. emergence of early & modern agriculture 3. death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation and health care development | 51 | |
| 9867167382 | 3 effective strategies to control birth rate | education, family plan, birth spacing | 52 | |
| 9867256877 | industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows | 53 | |
| 9867266400 | post-industrial stage | the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly | 54 | |
| 9867272451 | pre-industrial stage | the first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most of human history. In pre-industrial societies, both death rates and birth rates are high. | 55 | |
| 9867279041 | transitional stage | the second stage of the demographic transition model, which occurs during the transition from the pre-industrial stage to the industrial stage. It is characterized by declining death rates but continued high birth rates. | 56 | |
| 9867341400 | 3 concerns associated with a rapidly growing population | 1) resources used faster than the environment can make them 2) increased water pollution causing parasites in the water and making it not available to drink 3) shortage of arable land | 57 | |
| 9867397124 | keystone species | a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically (sea otter, trout) | 58 | |
| 9867408819 | indicator species | organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition (bats) | 59 | |
| 9867453846 | how are the majority of pests controlled in natural ecosystems? | biological pest control with natural pest enemies to control pest populations | 60 | |
| 9867519217 | endangered species (definition) | a species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of extinction | 61 | |
| 9867558221 | characteristics of endangered species | habitat destruction, over harvest and introduced species | 62 | |
| 9867574299 | how does the endangered species act help species | key legislation for both domestic and international conservation. The act aims to provide a framework to conserve and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats | 63 | |
| 9867583897 | preservation | Remaining wilderness on public lands should be left untouched | 64 | |
| 9867589785 | what is ore | Part of a metal-yielding material that can be economically and legally extracted at a given time. Comprised of two parts; the ore mineral and the waste mineral material | 65 | |
| 9867597769 | habitat alteration | change in land use or land cover that has an impact on local ecosystems | 66 | |
| 9867619429 | biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem | 67 | |
| 9867627501 | why is biodiversity important? | boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. For example, A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops. Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms | 68 | |
| 9867636400 | what is sustainability? | the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level | 69 | |
| 9867646436 | what is tragedy of the commons? | describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action | 70 | |
| 9867658263 | what percent of water on earth is fresh? | 3% | 71 | |
| 9867673199 | how does salinization of water occur? | irrigation (raising the water table and lifting saline groundwater near the surface into the root zone) | 72 | |
| 9867694917 | what is conservation | the action of conserving something, in particular/ preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife | 73 | |
| 9867709383 | 2 ways we can save water at home | turn off water when brushing teeth and take shorter showers | 74 | |
| 9867725518 | 2 ways water can be saved in agriculture | using drip irrigation and watering crops at night so there is less evaporation | 75 | |
| 9867737464 | point source of pollution | Sources of pollution that discharge pollutants at specific locations through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer lines into bodies of surface water | 76 | |
| 9867756539 | nonpoint source of pollution | Sources of pollution that are broad, diffused, and spread out | 77 | |
| 9867761808 | BOD | (biological oxygen demand) amount of oxygen that is used or demanded as waste material is digested or oxidized in organisms/ higher values remove greater amounts dissolved oxygen from aquatic ecosystems; raw sewage has extremely high values and thus can lower dissolved oxygen very rapidly | 78 | |
| 9867776855 | eutrophication | excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen | 79 | |
| 9867787850 | benefits of organic fertilizer | releases nutrients, as they break down they improve the structure of the soil, increase soil ability to hold water, difficult to over fertilize or harm your plants | 80 | |
| 9867811933 | hypoxia | deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues | 81 | |
| 9867822567 | Minamata disease | neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech | 82 | |
| 9867847448 | primary pollutants | air pollutant emitted directly from a source | 83 | |
| 9867856341 | secondary pollutants | not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere | 84 | |
| 9867879377 | 4 primary pollutants | carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur oxides (SOx), Particulate matter, VOCs | 85 | |
| 9867901660 | 2 secondary pollutants | ozone (hydrocarbons, HC, and nitrogen oxides, NOx, combine in the prescence of sunlight), and acid rain | 86 | |
| 9867944851 | particulate matter | finely divided solids or liquids such as dust, fly ash, soot, smoke, aerosols, fumes, mists and condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for extended periods of time | 87 | |
| 9867956155 | sources of partculates | Air can be contaminated by a range of very different particles such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets | 88 | |
| 9867972314 | effects of particulates | Exposure to such particles can affect both your lungs and your heart (heart or lung diseases) | 89 | |
| 9867987534 | reduction strategies for particulates | make laws? | 90 | |
| 9868175850 | source of nitrogen oxides | a natural sources is lightning/ very high temperature in the vicinity of a lightning bolt causes the gases oxygen and nitrogen in the air to react to form nitric oxide. The nitric oxide very quickly reacts with more oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide | 91 | |
| 9868255287 | effects of nitrogen oxides | NOx gases react to form smog and acid rain as well as being central to the formation of fine particles (PM) and ground level ozone/ inflames the lining of the lungs, and it can reduce immunity to lung infections (wheezing, coughing, colds, flu and bronchitis) | 92 | |
| 9868270990 | methods to reduce nitrogen oxides | 1)Ban tobacco in and around your home. 2)Make sure gas stoves, heaters, and dryers are properly vented to the outside. ... 3)If venting isn't possible, these devices can be replaced with non-gas versions—i.e. swap out a gas stove for an electric model | 93 | |
| 9868282689 | what are carbon oxides | important components of the atmosphere, and they are parts of the carbon cycle | 94 | |
| 9868309459 | source of carbon oxides | decomposition, ocean release and respiration, cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. | 95 | |
| 9868318668 | methods to reduce carbon oxides | reduce vehicle emissions, reduce energy consumption, reduce waste consumption and restore natural sinks | 96 | |
| 9868374330 | what is ozone | O3, a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, filter for the shorter wavelength and highly hazardous ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun, protecting life on Earth from its potentially harmful effects | 97 | |
| 9868405991 | what is the cause of ozone depletion | CFCs are released into the atmosphere causing chemical reactions that break down ozone molecules, reducing ozone's ultraviolet radiation-absorbing capacity | 98 | |
| 9868422902 | economic impacts of ozone depletion | decreases crop yields | 99 | |
| 9868426694 | environmental impacts of ozone depletion | harms plant growth, more skin cancer and cataracts, affects respiratory and nervous systems (respiratory diseases, headaches, and exhaustion) | 100 | |
| 9869162001 | how to reduce ozone depletion | HCFC replaced chlorine with hydrogen (breaks down more readily in troposphere); alternatives to halons in fire extinguishers; pump sprays instead of aerosol sprays; comply with disposal requirements of Clean Air Act for old fridges and air conditioners | 101 | |
| 9869166926 | industrial smog | black-brown colored haze that is in the air that can be seen over some cities/ composed of sulfur dioxide, small amounts of sulfuric acid, and suspended particles from the burning of coal and oil | 102 | |
| 9869177039 | photochemical smog | . Air pollution produced by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants | 103 | |
| 9869198065 | difference between industrial smog and photochemical smog | . Industrial smog typically exists in urban areas where factories burn fossil fuels such as coal, which creates smoke and sulfur dioxide that mix with fog droplets to create a thick blanket of haze close to the ground. Photochemical smog occurs in drier, sunny areas and forms because of increased usage of all fossil fuels, including gasoline, and the burning of trees and organic waste. These emissions combine in the presence of sunlight to create a noxious environment, which can be harmful to human health | 104 | |
| 9869200851 | acid deposition | any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms | 105 | |
| 9869200852 | cause of acid deposition | result of human activities that disrupt nat nitrogen/sulfur cycles by adding excessive amounts of nitrogen oxides/sulfur dioxide to atmosphere/ from coal-burning facilities and urban areas with lots of cars | 106 | |
| 9869203513 | 5 greenhouse gases | H2O (water vapor), CO2 ( carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), O3 (ozone), and nitrous oxides | 107 | |
| 9869203514 | effects of global warming | polar ice caps melting (rising sea level), and loss of habitats (extinction) | 108 | |
| 9869210238 | primary component of municipal solid waste | Organic materials such as paper and paperboard, yard trimmings, and food waste | 109 | |
| 9869215490 | what happens to most municipal solid waste | Landfills | 110 | |
| 9869310708 | long term problems of landfills | waste rots and decomposes producing CO2 and methane, pollute soil and water (contribute to global warming | 111 | |
| 9869326865 | solutions to landfill issues | treating toxins (filter them out), treating leachate, treating greenhouse gases (catching them before they go into the atmosphere) | 112 | |
| 9869349565 | advantages of incineration | separate most dangerous gases and particulates from the flue gas produced/ waste volumes are reduced/ can produce energy | 113 | |
| 9869353768 | disadvantages of incineration | expensive/ still some pollution/ encourages more waste production because incinerators require large volumes of waste to keep the fires burning | 114 | |
| 9869396069 | best way to solve solid waste problem | reduce the amount of trash | 115 | |
| 9869402543 | what happened at love canal, NY | located near niagra falls, build a community over 21,000 tons of toxic industrial waste that had been buried underground in the 1940s and '50s by a local company and caused alot of health issues such as birth defects | 116 | |
| 9869418854 | benefits of pesticides | help effectively control pest populations/ increase crop production | 117 | |
| 9869424168 | disadvantages of pesticides | can also harm non-target species (bio accumulation) | 118 | |
| 9869432240 | 3 examples of natural pest control | cats/mice, , lady bugs/scale insects, parasitic wasps/caterpillars | 119 | |
| 9869544567 | how is most electricity generated | burning of fossil fuels | 120 | |
| 9869555586 | benefits of petroleum | easily extracted at low costs, easily transported, support constant power use | 121 | |
| 9869555587 | problems with petroleum | limited, pollution, hazardous substances, can cause oil spills | 122 | |
| 9869558429 | steps in coal formation | peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite | 123 | |
| 9869560960 | major parts of a nuclear reactor | containment structure, control rods, reactor, steam generator, steam line, pump, generator, turbine, cooling water condenser, cooling tower |  | 124 |
| 9869565060 | 2 examples of serious nuclear accidents | Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), Chernobyl disaster (1986) | 125 | |
| 9869568034 | 4 examples of alternate energy sources | wind, solar, geothermal, tidal | 126 | |
| 9869568035 | what is LD50 | It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population | 127 | |
| 9869571615 | what are mutagens | an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation | 128 | |
| 9869571616 | what are teratogens | an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo | 129 | |
| 9869575247 | what are carcinogens | a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue | 130 | |
| 9869575328 | where do volcanoes usually occur | on plate tectonics | 131 | |
| 9869582893 | where do earthquakes usually occur | at faults | 132 | |
| 9869582894 | what is el nino | an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December (weather events change in the pacific and indian oceans) | 133 | |
| 9869590587 | what is the coriolis effect | an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation (right in northern hemisphere/ left in southern hemisphere) | 134 | |
| 9869590588 | what is CITES | (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival | 135 | |
| 9869595440 | what is the endangered species act | key legislation for both domestic and international conservation. The act aims to provide a framework to conserve and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats | 136 | |
| 9869600033 | what is the resource conservation and recovery act | public law that creates the framework for the proper management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste | 137 | |
| 9869602789 | what is the montreal protocol | global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) | 138 | |
| 9869602790 | what is the kyoto protocol | international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring | 139 | |
| 9869607270 | what is the clean air act | United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level | 140 | |
| 9869607284 | what is the clean water act | Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States. Gave EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry | 141 | |
| 9869611906 | what is the safe drinking water act | federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation | 142 | |
| 9869613969 | what is the ocean dumping ban act | prohibits all municipal sewage sludge and industrial waste dumping into the ocean after December 31, 1991 | 143 | |
| 9869619428 | what is the oil pollution act of 1990 | streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so | 144 |
