Terms : Hide Images
| 9787700934 | Astrolabe | instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars | 0 | |
| 9787700935 | Columbian Exchange | a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds | 1 | |
| 9787700936 | Cross staff | used to find latitude by measuring the altitude of the pole star above the horizon; replaced astrolabe | 2 | |
| 9787700937 | United East India Company | Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world. | 3 | |
| 9787700938 | English East India Company | British trading company; represents trend of joint-stock companys. | 4 | |
| 9787700939 | Manila | Capital of Philippines; A Philippine city that emerged to be a multicultural port city under the authorization of the Spanish when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi overtook the Philippines in bloodless encounters. | 5 | |
| 9787700940 | Volta do mar | Return through the sea | 6 | |
| 9787700941 | Wind Wheels | Are circular wind patterns such as the volta do mar that aided sailing | 7 | |
| 9787700942 | Captain James Cook | the explorer who led 3 expeditions into the Pacific in the 18th century, discovered Hawaii and claimed Australia for England | 8 | |
| 9787700943 | Vasco da Gama | (Portugal) rounded Cape of Good Hope and made it to India. the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. - sailed to Calicut | 9 | |
| 9787700944 | Christopher Columbus | He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. | 10 | |
| 9787700945 | Ferdinand Magellan | First person to circumnavigate the globe | 11 | |
| 9787700946 | Absolutism | 1650-1750 A political system in which a ruler holds total power | 12 | |
| 9787700947 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 13 | |
| 9787700948 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. 16th century | 14 | |
| 9787700949 | Council of Trent | 1545-1563 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences | 15 | |
| 9787700950 | Enlightenment | a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly | 16 | |
| 9787700951 | Indulgences | remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments | 17 | |
| 9787700952 | Jesuits | members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola | 18 | |
| 9787700953 | John Locke | believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property; English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights | 19 | |
| 9787700954 | Law Code of 1649 | Code enacted by Catharine II placing Russian serfs under the tight control of landlords. | 20 | |
| 9787700955 | Peace of Westphalia | the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 | 21 | |
| 9787700956 | Protestant Reformation | This was caused by the strictness and the incompetence of the Catholic Church. 1517 began with Martin Luther | 22 | |
| 9787700957 | Ptolemaic Universe | A still earth is at the center of universe with 9 revolving spheres around it | 23 | |
| 9787700958 | Putting out system | System used in the Industrial Revolution where merchandise was produced within the home (cottage industry) | 24 | |
| 9787700959 | Sun King | Nickname for Louis XIV | 25 | |
| 9787700960 | Thirty Years War | (1618-48) began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to curtail the religious activities of his subjects, sparking rebellion among Protestants. | 26 | |
| 9787700961 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. | 27 | |
| 9787700962 | Voltaire (1694-1778) | criticized organized religion for perpetuation superstition and intolerance, championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty | 28 | |
| 9787700963 | Audiencias | Spanish courts; advisory group who assisted the viceroy in governing Spanish territories in the New World | 29 | |
| 9787700964 | Conquistador | A Spanish conqueror of the Americas | 30 | |
| 9787700965 | Creoles | American born descendants of Europeans | 31 | |
| 9787700966 | Enconmienda | Concession from Spanish letting a colonist take tribute from Indians in a certain area in return the landowners must take care and convert the natives to Christianity | 32 | |
| 9787700967 | Engenho | Portuguese term for sugar mill or plantation | 33 | |
| 9787700968 | Hacienda | Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these. | 34 | |
| 9787700969 | Indentured Labor | Workers contracted to labor on estates for a set period of time | 35 | |
| 9787700970 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. (Latin America) | 36 | |
| 9787700971 | Mulatto | A person of mixed African and European ancestry | 37 | |
| 9787700972 | Metis | a half-breed of white and Indian parent (Canada) | 38 | |
| 9787700973 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | 39 | |
| 9787700974 | Quinto (Royal Fifth) | Tax; any precious metal from the ground miners had to pay the gov. 25% of it. | 40 | |
| 9787700975 | Repartimiento | A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor | 41 | |
| 9787700976 | Tainos | The people Columbus came in contact with in the West Indies. | 42 | |
| 9787700977 | Treaty of Tordesillas | set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | 43 | |
| 9787700978 | Zambos | Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents. | 44 | |
| 9787700979 | Antonianism | African syncretic religion, founded by Dona Beatriz; taught that Jesus was a black African man & heaven was for Africans | 45 | |
| 9787700980 | Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel | 46 | |
| 9787700981 | Fulani | Sub-Saharan African people who began a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam | 47 | |
| 9787700982 | Great Zimbabwe | City that grew into an empire built on the gold trade, An ancient walled town in Southern Africa | 48 | |
| 9787700983 | Kingdom of Ndongo | Name of an early-modern African state located in what is now day Angola. | 49 | |
| 9787700984 | Kongo | The most powerful and highly centralized kingdom along the African coast in the 15th century. | 50 | |
| 9787700985 | Maroons | Runaway African slaves; made communities in mountainous areas, raided villages for supplies | 51 | |
| 9787700986 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 52 | |
| 9787700987 | Triangular Trade | A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa | 53 | |
| 9787700988 | Bunraku | Japanese puppet theater | 54 | |
| 9787700989 | Dutch learning | Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century | 55 | |
| 9787700990 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 56 | |
| 9787700991 | Floating Worlds | In Edo Japan, the centers of popular culture within a city. Known for their entertainment venues. | 57 | |
| 9787700992 | Kabuki | Japanese drama aimed at farmers, merchants, and other common folk | 58 | |
| 9787700993 | Manchus | Federation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 59 | |
| 9787700994 | Ming Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 that treatable used native Chinese rule | 60 | |
| 9787700995 | Nagasaki | Solo Japanese port city that allowed foreign trade (primarily with the Dutch) | 61 | |
| 9787700996 | Qing Dynasty | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries | 62 | |
| 9787700997 | Scholar-Bureaucrats | Respected members of Chinese society just below emperor + royal family | 63 | |
| 9787700998 | Shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name | 64 | |
| 9787700999 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences | 65 | |
| 9787701000 | Wanli | Ming emperor that ruled from 1572-1620 that contributed to the Ming dynasty's decline. refused to meet with government officials and indulged in a luxurious life of concubines and wine in the Forbidden City. | 66 | |
| 9787701001 | Devishirme | Ottoman Empire; take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as jannisaries | 67 | |
| 9787701002 | Ghazi | Muslim religious warriors | 68 | |
| 9787701003 | Kanun | Laws issued by the Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent, also known as Süleyman Kanuni, "the Lawgiver." | 69 | |
| 9787701004 | Mughal | Muslim dynasty that ruled much of present-day India from 1526 to 1857 | 70 | |
| 9787701005 | Janissaries | Highly trained soldiers in the elite guard of the Ottoman Empire | 71 | |
| 9787701006 | Safavid Empire | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries. | 72 | |
| 9787701007 | Sikhs | Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism founded in Punjab | 73 | |
| 9787701008 | Suleyman | Ottoman Sultan (ruler) who held power in the early 16th century and was known as "the Lawgiver." Peak of empire | 74 | |
| 9787701009 | Taj Mahal | A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. | 75 | |
| 9787701010 | Twelver Shi'ism | a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam' | 76 | |
| 9787701011 | Millet System | In Ottoman Empire, a system in which religious minorities could form self-governing communities. | 77 | |
| 9787701012 | Ancien Regime | The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution | 78 | |
| 9787701013 | Congress of Vienna | 1814-1815 meeting that restored order and stability to Europe after Napoleonic Wars | 79 | |
| 9787701014 | Declaration of Independence | Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. | 80 | |
| 9787701015 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | A new law passed by the National Assembly explaining the beliefs and aims of the revolution. A document influenced by the Declaration of Independence that emphasized equality. | 81 | |
| 9787701016 | Jacobins | member of a radical political club during the French Revolution | 82 | |
| 9787701017 | Liberalism | Political ideology that essentially welcomed change as the agent of progress | 83 | |
| 9787701018 | National Assembly | French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate | 84 | |
| 9787701019 | Directory | A group of 5 men who were given control of France following the Reign of Terror | 85 | |
| 9787701020 | Volksgeist | spirit of the people | 86 | |
| 9787701021 | Zionism | A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine | 87 | |
| 9787701022 | Bessemer Converter | Invented in 1856, this device allowed for the production of cheaper, stronger steel. | 88 | |
| 9787701023 | Coke | A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use. | 89 | |
| 9787701024 | Communism | a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership | 90 | |
| 9787701025 | Corporation | An organization with the legal rights of a person and which many persons may own | 91 | |
| 9787701026 | Crystal Palace | magnificent structure of iron and glass that went on display to the general public in 1851. It showcased industrial products such as British textiles, iron goods and machine tools as well as colt revolvers and sewing machines from the "American system". | 92 | |
| 9787701027 | Luddites | group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery | 93 | |
| 9787701028 | Proletariat | Working class | 94 | |
| 9787701029 | Socialism | an economic system based on state ownership of capital | 95 | |
| 9787701030 | steam engine | A machine that turns steam into power. | 96 | |
| 9787701031 | trade union | Association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions | 97 | |
| 9787701032 | Tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. | 98 | |
| 9787701033 | Zaibatsu | powerful banking and industrial families in Japan | 99 | |
| 9787701034 | Caudillo | military dictator in Latin America | 100 | |
| 9787701035 | Dawes Act | 1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners | 101 | |
| 9787701036 | Declaration of Sentiments | Document signed by 100 attendees at the Seneca Falls Convention. | 102 | |
| 9787701037 | Emancipation Proclamation | Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union. 1863 | 103 | |
| 9787701038 | Indian Removal Act | law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River | 104 | |
| 9787701039 | La Reforma | Movement in Mexico aimed at achieving land reform, better education, and other goals a liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico, led by Benito Juarez | 105 | |
| 9787701040 | Louisiana Purchase | territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million | 106 | |
| 9787701041 | machismo | an emphasis on male strength and dominance | 107 | |
| 9787701042 | Manifest Destiny | 1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. | 108 | |
| 9787701043 | Mexican-American War | War between Mexicans and Americans over the annexation of Texas | 109 | |
| 9787701044 | National Policy | A economic plan to raise tariffs on imports to save the manufacturing industry; a nationwide program of economic development in Canada after independence in 1867; mainly economic program introduced by the Macdonald government in 1879 | 110 | |
| 9787701045 | Reconstruction | rebuilding of the South after the Civil War | 111 | |
| 9787701046 | Trail of Tears | 1838 the trek of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, to Indian Territory | 112 | |
| 9787701047 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War | 113 | |
| 9787701048 | Adela Zamudio | Bolivian poet who expressed her frustration over the lack of women's suffrage | 114 | |
| 9787701049 | Boxer Rebellion | A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. | 115 | |
| 9787701050 | Capitulation | Surrender or ending resistance towards foreign powers | 116 | |
| 9787701051 | Cohong System | Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation Foreign trade was only limited to the port of Guangzhou, which meant that foreign influence on China was very limited and controlled | 117 | |
| 9787701052 | Crimean War | Conflict in which the Ottoman Empire halted Russian expansion near the Black Sea | 118 | |
| 9787701053 | Diet | Japanese parliament | 119 | |
| 9787701054 | Hundred Days Reform | Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao led Reforms by Qing government focused on scholarly organization. | 120 | |
| 9787701055 | Meji Restoration | Modernization and westernization in Japan The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868. | 121 | |
| 9787701056 | Opium War | a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China | 122 | |
| 9787701057 | Self-Strengthening Movement | Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology | 123 | |
| 9787701058 | Maji Maji Rebellion | Rebellion (1905) of east Africans that sought to defeat the Germans through traditional magic. | 124 | |
| 9787701059 | Taiping Rebellion | a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan | 125 | |
| 9787701060 | Monroe Doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers | 126 | |
| 9787701061 | Panama Canal | connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914. Result from us combining Panamanians to seek independence from Columbia | 127 | |
| 9787701062 | Sepoys | Indian soldiers in the British army | 128 | |
| 9787701063 | Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. | 129 | |
| 9787701064 | Spanish-American War | 1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain, as a result US received Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines | 130 | |
| 9787701065 | Black Hand | the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand | 131 | |
| 9787701066 | Bolsheviks | A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 | 132 | |
| 9787701067 | Central Powers | Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire | 133 | |
| 9787701068 | Dreadnought | huge warship developed first by the British that could shoot in all directions | 134 | |
| 9787701069 | October Revolution | The revolution in October 1917 in Russia that brought the Bolsheviks to power. | 135 | |
| 9787701070 | Ottoman Empire | a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. | 136 | |
| 9787701071 | Schieffen Plan | Plan of attacking and defeating France in the west and rushing east to fight Russia. | 137 | |
| 9787701072 | Self-determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves | 138 | |
| 9787701073 | Triple Entente | A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. | 139 | |
| 9787701074 | Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy | 140 | |
| 9787701075 | Gallipoli Campaign | (1915) Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles A failed British offensive in Ottoman Empire | 141 | |
| 9787701076 | March Revolution | 1917 overthrow of Tsar Nicholas and the establishment of Provisional Government | 142 | |
| 9787701077 | Mandate System | Under the supervision of the League of Nations, German colonies were given to Britain or France. | 143 | |
| 9787701078 | Antisemitism | Prejudice against Jews | 144 | |
| 9787701079 | Collectivization | a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government | 145 | |
| 9787701080 | Facism | A new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader political system based on a strong centralized government headed by a dictator | 146 | |
| 9787701081 | Five Year Plan | Stalin's economic plans, set ambitious goals for production of oil, steel, electricity; heavy industrialization at the expense of consumer goods | 147 | |
| 9787701082 | New Deal | The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression | 148 | |
| 9787701083 | New Economic Policy | 1921 plan that permitted some capitalist activity in Russia in order to increase food production | 149 | |
| 9787701084 | Nuremberg Laws 1935 | strips citizenship for Jews, denies their right to marry non-Jews | 150 | |
| 9787701085 | Planned Scarcity | US gov't policy: destroy crops to raise prices while citizens starved | 151 | |
| 9787701086 | Smoot-Hawley Tariff | restrictive tariff, price increased nearly 70%, other nations retaliated (1930) High-tariff law that contributed to a global economic downturn in the 1930s | 152 | |
| 9787701087 | uncertainty principle | it is impossible to know variables precisely in the quantum world Theory by Werner Heisenberg stating that it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and velocity of a subatomic particle | 153 | |
| 9787701088 | War Communism | Policy of nationalizing industry and seizing private land during civil war | 154 | |
| 9787701089 | Weimar Republic | German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy. | 155 | |
| 9787701090 | Great Purge | Beginning in 1934, Stalin's plan to eliminate all opposition to his Communist government. | 156 | |
| 9787701091 | theory of relativity | Einstein's idea that space and time can change when relative | 157 | |
| 9787701092 | Indian National Congress | Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule. | 158 | |
| 9787701093 | Decolonization | The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the mother country | 159 | |
| 9787701094 | Long March | 1934 retreat by Mao Zedong and his followers from the Guomindang | 160 | |
| 9787701095 | appeasement | British and French policy in the 1930s that tried to maintain peace in Europe in the face of German aggression by making concessions. | 161 | |
| 9787701096 | battle of britain | German strategy to defeat Britain through aerial bombing; causes many civilian casualties, but invasion is prevented by the Royal Air Force | 162 | |
| 9787701097 | blitzkrieg | German style of rapid attack through the use of armor and air power that was used in Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France in 1939-1940 | 163 | |
| 9787701098 | COMECON | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; The economic association organized by the communist states; 1949; Soviet Response to the Marshal Plan; Provided Economic aid to Soviet Allies within the Eastern Bloc | 164 | |
| 9787701099 | Containment | Concept associated with the United States and specifically with the Truman Doctrine during the Cold War that revolved around the notion that the United States would contain the spread of communism | 165 | |
| 9787701100 | Holocaust | German attempt in World War II to exterminate the Jews of Europe | 166 | |
| 9787701101 | Kamikaze | A Japanese term meaning "divine wind" that is related to the storms that destroyed Mongol invasion fleets; the term is symbolic of Japanese isolation and was later taken by suicide pilots in World War II | 167 | |
| 9787701102 | League of Nations | Forerunner of the United Nations, the dream of American president Woodrow Wilson, although its potential was severely limited by the refusal of the United States to join | 168 | |
| 9787701103 | Lebensraum | German term meaning "living space"; the term is associated with Hitler and his goal of carving out territory in the east for an expanding Germany | 169 | |
| 9787701104 | Marshal Plan | U.S. plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, that offered financial and other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from World War II, including Soviet bloc states | 170 | |
| 9787701105 | Munich Conference | Meeting in 1938 in which France and Britain sought to appease German aggression and avert war | 171 | |
| 9787701106 | NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was established by the United States in 1949 as a regional military alliance against Soviet expansionism. | 172 | |
| 9787701107 | Operation Barbarossa | German surprise invasion of the Soviet Union in June of 1941 | 173 | |
| 9787701108 | Rape of Nanjing | Japanese conquest and destruction of the Chinese city of Nanjing in the 1930s | 174 | |
| 9787701109 | Final Solution | the Nazi Party's plan to murder the entire Jewish population of Europe and the Soviet Union wow such meanies | 175 | |
| 9787701110 | Truman Doctrine | Interventionist policy of the United States to contain communism and support "free peoples resisting subjugation | 176 | |
| 9787701111 | United Nations | Successor to the League of Nations, an association of sovereign nations that attempts to find solutions to global problems. | 177 | |
| 9787701112 | Bay of Pigs | Failed 1961 CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba | 178 | |
| 9787701113 | Berlin Airlift | American and British response to the Berlin blockade (1948-1949) in which supplies were airlifted into the city | 179 | |
| 9787701114 | Berlin Blockade | Soviet effort (1948-1949) to choke West Berlin into submission through the closing of roads and trains into Berlin | 180 | |
| 9787701115 | Berlin Wall | Barrier of barbed wire constructed by the Soviets between East and West Berlin (1961) intended to stop the flow of refugees from East to West Germany | 181 | |
| 9787701116 | Brezhnev Doctrine | Policy developed by Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) that claimed for the Soviet Union the right to invade any socialist country faced with internal or external enemies; the doctrine was best expressed in Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia | 182 | |
| 9787701117 | Cuban Missile Crisis | Standoff between Soviet Union and United States in 1962 over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Following blockade by President Kennedy, Khrushchev agrees to remove the missiles | 183 | |
| 9787701118 | De-Stalinizaition | A brief trend following Stalin's 1953 death where many political prisoners were released and censorship was relaxed | 184 | |
| 9787701119 | Detente | A reduction in Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1969 to 1973 | 185 | |
| 9787701120 | Five Year Plans | First implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union in 1928; five-year plans were a staple of communist regimes in which every aspect of production was determined in advance for a five-year period; five-year plans were opposite of the free market concept | 186 | |
| 9787701121 | Glasnost | Russian term meaning "openness" introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 to describe the process of opening Soviet society to dissidents and public criticism. | 187 | |
| 9787701122 | Korean War | Conflict from 1951 to 1953 during which U.S. and UN troops battle North Korean and later Chinese troops, eventually agreeing to a border between North and South Korea at the 38th parallel | 188 | |
| 9787701123 | Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) | Term signifying the ability of the Soviet Union and the United States to destroy each other in a nuclear war | 189 | |
| 9787701124 | Perestroika | Restructuring, a Russian term associated with Gorbachev's effort to reorganize the Soviet state. | 190 | |
| 9787701125 | Prague Spring | Liberal movement in Czechoslovakia that was crushed in 1968 by Soviet and east European forces | 191 | |
| 9787701126 | SEATO | Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia; Southeast Asian counterpart of NATO | 192 | |
| 9787701127 | Soviets | A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers. Russian elected councils that originated as strike committees during the 1905 St. Petersburg disorders; they represented a form of local self-government that went on to become the primary unit of government in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The term was also used during the cold war to designate the Soviet Union | 193 | |
| 9787701128 | Sputnik | First satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 | 194 | |
| 9787701129 | Strategic Arms Limitation Talk (SALT) | Agreement in 1972 between the United States and the Soviet Union | 195 | |
| 9787701130 | Velvet Revolution | A term that describes the nonviolent transfer of power in Czechoslovakia during the collapse of Soviet rule 1989 a peaceful revolution that removed Communists from power in Czechoslovakia | 196 | |
| 9787701131 | Warsaw Pact | Warsaw Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO; Alliance against democracy, supporting communism | 197 | |
| 9787701132 | Balfour Declaration | British declaration from 1917 that supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine | 198 | |
| 9787701133 | Bandung Conference | Conference in Indonesia (1955) at which twenty-nine nonaligned nations met | 199 | |
| 9787701134 | Economic Dependency | The effect of the international division of labor whereby undeveloped nations are reliant on foreign investment and the export of raw materials on disadvantageous terms. | 200 | |
| 9787701135 | Front de Liberation Nationale (FCN) | The Algerian organization that fought a bloody guerilla war for freedom against France | 201 | |
| 9787701136 | Geneva Conference | Meeting (1954) at which Vietnam is divided between South and North Vietnam at the 17th parallel | 202 | |
| 9787701137 | Great Leap Forward | Mao Zedong's effort to catch up with industrial nations; • Mao Zedong's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture; 1958-1961 a five-year economic plan that collectivized farms in China and put them into communes | 203 | |
| 9787701138 | Iran-Iraq War | Conflict lasting from 1980 to 1988 in which one million Iranian and Iraqi soldiers die; the war fought by Iran and Iraq, following the Iraqi invasion of disputed border territory in Iran | 204 | |
| 9787701139 | Islamism | Revival of Muslim traditions through the reassertion of Islamic values into Muslim politics and the resentment of European and American societies | 205 | |
| 9787701140 | Kikuyu (Mau Mau) | Native Kenyans who are pushed from their lands in the 1930s and 1940s. An uprising in 1955 is brutally crushed by the British, with U.S. support, killing 12,000 Africans. | 206 | |
| 9787701141 | Liberation Theology | Emphasis of Christian thinkers and social activists on Jesus' role in helping the oppressed, leading to the questioning of the historic role of the church in supporting traditional regimes. Gained widespread support in Latin America during the late twentieth century. | 207 | |
| 9787701142 | Organization of African Unity (OAU) | An organization started in 1963 by thirty-two newly independent African states and designed to prevent conflict that would lead to intervention by former colonial powers. | 208 | |
| 9787701143 | Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) | Organization created in 1964 under the leadership of Yasser Arafat to champion Palestinian rights. | 209 | |
| 9787701144 | Sandinastas | Marxists who overthrew the Somoza regime in Nicaragua in 1980 and then fought the rebel Contras. | 210 | |
| 9787701145 | Suez Crisis | Incident in which France, Britain and Israel attack Egypt after it nationalizes the Suez canal. They are forced to withdraw following condemnation from the Soviet Union and the United States | 211 | |
| 9787701146 | Tiananmen Square | Site of pro-democracy student demonstrations in Beijing that were crushed by the communist government 1989 | 212 | |
| 9787701147 | Viet Minh | North Vietnamese nationalist communists under Ho Chi Minh. | 213 | |
| 9787701148 | Al-Qaeda | Terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Towers and the Pentagon. | 214 | |
| 9787701149 | Association of Southeast Asian Nations | Regional alliance established in 1967 by Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines; the alliance was designed to promote economic progress and political stability; it later became a free-trade zone | 215 | |
| 9787701150 | Civil Rights Act 1964 | United States law banning discrimination on the basis of race or sex | 216 | |
| 9787701151 | European Union | Established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, a supranational organization for even greater European economic and political integration | 217 | |
| 9787701152 | Free Trade | Economic doctrine that unrestricted trade is ideal since the forces of supply and demand will ensure that the best product is available at the best price | 218 | |
| 9787701153 | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | Free trade agreement first signed in 1947; by 1994 it had grown to 123 members and formed the World Trade Organization (WTO). | 219 | |
| 9787701154 | Globilization | The breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasingly global financial and cultural trends | 220 | |
| 9787701155 | Little Tigers | Asian nations whose export-driven models of the Japanese economy experienced rapid growth through the 1980s and were very competitive by the 1990s | 221 | |
| 9787701156 | NGO | an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government | 222 | |
| 9787701157 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Regional alliance established in 1993 between the United States, Canada, and Mexico; it formed world's second largest free-trade zone. | 223 | |
| 9787701158 | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | An organization begun in 1960 by oil-producing states originally for purely economic reasons but that later had more political influence | 224 | |
| 9787701159 | Suu Kyi, Aung San | Opposition leader (1945) in Myanmar; she was elected leader in 1990 but she was not allowed to come to power; she was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 1991 | 225 | |
| 9787701160 | Taliban | Strict Islamic organization that ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2002 | 226 | |
| 9787701161 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | UN declaration banning slavery, torture, and discrimination. A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. | 227 | |
| 9787701162 | World Health Organization (WHO) | United Nation organization designed to deal with global health issues | 228 | |
| 9787701163 | World Trade Organization (WTO) | An organization that was established in 1995 with more than 120 nations and whose goal is to loosen barriers to free trade | 229 | |
| 9864211152 | Treaty of Nanjing | "unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace | 230 | |
| 9864259203 | Great Trek | Slaveholding Boers, who in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa | 231 | |
| 9864259204 | Berlin Conference | Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa | 232 | |
| 9864351841 | Battle of Omdurman | a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese | 233 | |
| 9864382913 | Young Turks | Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform | 234 | |
| 9864391057 | Afrikaners | Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa | 235 | |
| 9880198075 | Tanzimat Reform | Nineteenth century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient | 236 | |
| 9883696784 | Mujahedeen | a military force of Muslim guerilla warriors engaged in a jihad | 237 | |
| 9883746091 | Great Cultural Revolution | 1966. Mao in order to change Chinese culture; revolution in china where elites and scholars were targeted by the red guard | 238 | |
| 9883772812 | Great game | Russia & Britain tried (& failed) to subdue Afghanistan, which remained a buffer state The struggle between Great Britian and Russia to control Central Asia | 239 | |
| 9883772813 | French Indochina | the French colonies of Cambodia and Laos and Vietnam were formerly organized as French Indochina | 240 | |
| 9883772814 | unequal treaties | trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits | 241 |
