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| 5270091254 | The Early Byzantine Empire (6) | Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there 340 CE 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul | 0 | |
| 5270154741 | The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium (6) | Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5th c. CE Eastern territories remain major power until 13th c. CE Roman infrastructure in place Roads, institutional hierarchies Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sassanid dynasty, 226-641 CE) Invasions of Germanic peoples | 1 | |
| 5270165422 | Overview of Byzantine Empire (4) | the Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the old Roman Empire. Long after Rome fell (476 A.D.) under the Germanic invaders, Byzantium continued in Constantinople. Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish cultures develop, while Christian and Islamic societies fight over religious issues and territory. The Byzantine Empire lasted over 1000 years, from the 400s until the Empire's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. | 2 | |
| 5270171638 | Justinian (5) | One outstanding emperor was Justinian and he ruled from 527-565 A.D.. His reign saw great Byzantine expansion across North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and even southern Spain. He wanted to restore the empire to its former Roman glory. His reign was one of the last that still used Latin as the official royal language. Greek became the new language. | 3 | |
| 5270191759 | New Laws for the Empire (3) | Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years Creating the Imperial Capital | 4 | |
| 5270205159 | Hagia Sophia | Justinian launches program to beautify capital, Constantinople Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia Justinian oversaw the construction of a great church in the city that would to be the shining example of Byzantine architecture. Built the Church of the Hagia Sophia. (Hagia Sophia translates from the Greek as Holy Wisdom.) (The building measures 250 feet by 235 feet and features a great dome measuring 107 feet across and peaking at a height of 185 feet The building took five years to complete with 10,000 men working on it. Inside, the great church was adorned with marble, elaborate columns, intricate mosaics, and gold.) | 5 | |
| 5270221550 | Constantinople's Hectic Pace | City becomes trading hub with major marketplace Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment Racing fans start riots in 532; government restores order violently Empress Theodora—powerful wife and adviser to Justinian | 6 | |
| 5270228471 | The Plague of Justinian | Bubonic plague repeatedly sweeps empire; kills many residents | 7 | |
| 5270231040 | Years of Turmoil | Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death | 8 | |
| 5270235824 | Byzantine Conquests (3) | General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian Unable to consolidate control of territories Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs | 9 | |
| 5270244339 | Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival (3) | 7th century Arab Muslim expansion Besieged(surround (a place) with armed forces in order to capture it or force its surrender; lay siege to) Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through use of "greek fire" | 10 | |
| 5270257121 | Imperial Organization (4) | Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants | 11 | |
| 5270261526 | Tensions with Western Europe (4) | Church Byzantine: Greek; / Roman: Latin Conflicts over hierarchical control Fealty of Germanic peoples Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge to Byzantine authority | 12 | |
| 5270266077 | Byzantine Economy and Society (4) | Constantinople largest city in Europe, 5th-13th c. Dependent on small landholders, free peasants Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions in 6th-7th centuries Theme system rewards soldiers with land grants | 13 | |
| 5270276344 | Manufacturing and Trade (4) | Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6th century Tax revenues from silk route Banking services develop | 14 | |
| 5270284401 | Orthodox Christianity | Legacy of Classical Greece Greek replaces Latin after 6th c. CE; language of New Testament Byzantine education sponsors development of large literate class for state bureaucracy Training in classical canon Church and state closely aligned Council of Nicea (325) bans Arian movement Human/divine nature of Jesus Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicean condemnation Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs Caesaropapism creates dissent in church | 15 | |
| 5270289197 | Caesaropapism | Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe. | 16 | |
| 5270291866 | arianism | A heresy(belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine) that denied that Jesus was truly God. | 17 | |
| 5270306473 | Iconoclasm (5) | A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE) Destruction of icons after 726 Popular protest, rioting Policy abandoned 843 | 18 | |
| 5270312115 | Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology (2) | Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with Judeo-Christianity Constantine establishes school to apply philosophical methods to religious questions | 19 | |
| 5270321044 | Ascetism | Strict "self-denial" as a means of spiritual discipline | 20 | |
| 5270325112 | Byzantine Monasticism and St. Basil | (329-379 CE) Patriarch of Constantinople reforms monasteries Communal living Hierarchical structure Mt. Athos No women, female animals allowed | 21 | |
| 5270327340 | Monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 22 | |
| 5270335694 | Schism | (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome? 1054 Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome excommunicate each other East: Orthodox Church West: Roman Catholic | 23 | |
| 5270338305 | jurisdiction | (law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law the official power to make legal decisions and judgments. | 24 | |
| 5270346655 | aristocrats | rich landowners | 25 | |
| 5270349034 | Social Problems in the Byzantine Empire | Generals of themes become allied with local aristocrats Intermarry, create class of elite Occasional rebellions vs. Imperial Rule | 26 | |
| 5270354403 | Intermarry | To marry outside one's religion/ethnicity | 27 | |
| 5270356408 | themes | provinces | 28 | |
| 5270364596 | Challenges from the West | Western European economic development Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine territories Crusades of 12th-13th centuries rampage through Byzantine territory Constantinople sacked, 1204 | 29 | |
| 5270367475 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 30 | |
| 5270370260 | Challenges from the East | Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia Threatens grain supply Defeat Byzantine army in 1071, creates civil conflict Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 Renamed Istanbul | 31 | |
| 5270374398 | Influence on Slavic Cultures | elations from 6th c. CE Bulgaria influenced culturally, politically Saints Cyril and Methodius Create Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium | 32 | |
| 5270386694 | Kievan Rus' | Modernization of Russia Conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 Byzantine culture influences development of Slavic cultures Distinctively Slavic Orthodox church develops Eventual heir to Byzantium | 33 | |
| 5270398478 | Attacks from East and West | Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to Byzantine Empire | 34 | |
| 5270400302 | A Religious Split | Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires Two churches disagree over many issues, including use of icons Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054 West—Roman Catholic Church; East—Orthodox Church | 35 | |
| 5270404859 | Icons | are religious images used to aid in prayer | 36 | |
| 5270409565 | patriarch | Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity | 37 | |
| 5270411288 | In the West, pope excommunicated emperor | banished him from the Church | 38 | |
| 5270415005 | Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs | Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert northern peoples, Slavs Missionaries create Cyrillic alphabet—basis of many Slavic languages Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible | 39 | |
| 5270421365 | Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 40 | |
| 5270423559 | Peter I ("the Great," r. 1682-1725) | Worked to modernize Russia on western European model Developed modern Russian army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden Built new capital at St. Petersburg | 41 | |
| 5270426094 | Catherine II ("the Great", r. 1762-1796) | Huge military expansion Partitions of Poland, 1772-1797 Social reforms at first, but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773-1774) | 42 | |
| 5270439320 | Conversion of Russia | Most significant expansion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity = to Kievan Rus ◦ Modern-day Ukraine and western Russia ◦ Major city = Kiev ◦ Highly stratified society ◦ Ruled by many different princes Prince Vladimir = Prince of Kiev Prince Vladimir = wanted to bring a new faith to Rus that would unify the many diverse peoples of the region Prince Vladimir was drawn to Eastern Orthodox Christianity because of: ◦ The splendor and wealth of Constantinople ◦ The beauty of Eastern Orthodox churches } As a result of this conversion he received: ◦ A sister of the Byzantine emperor as a bride ◦ Byzantine priests and advisors Kievan Rus consequently adopted many Byzantine cultural elements: ◦ Architectural styles ◦ Cyrillic alphabet ◦ Use of icons ◦ Monastic tradition stressing prayer and service ◦ Idea of imperial/state control of the Church | 43 |
