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8069429556Great GameAn intense rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Central Asia, beginning in the nineteenth century and continuing through 1907. Britain sought influence or control in much of Central Asia, to buffer the "crown jewel" of its empire - British India.0
8069429557ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.1
8069429558Scramble for AfricaThe invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.2
8069429559SepoysAn Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.3
8069429560Sepoy MutinyA revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857-59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown.4
8069429561RajBritish sovereignty in India.5
8069429562King Leopold IIThe second King of the Belgians, known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture.6
8069429563Congo Free StateA large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908, which was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II.7
8069429564Berlin ConferenceRegulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.8
8069429565AbyssiniaRelating to Abyssinia or its people.9
8069429566LiberiaRepublic in western Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone to the northwest, Guinea to the north, the Ivory Coast to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest.10
8069429567Zulu KingdomA monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.11
8069429568Anglo-Zulu WarA concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom.12
8069429569Boer WarsA war in which Great Britain fought against the Transvaal and Orange Free State, 1899-1902.13
8069429570Roosevelt CorollaryThe Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country.14
8069429571Indian National CongressA broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the independence movement in the 1930s under Mahatma Gandhi, and has been the principal party in government since 1947.15
8069429572Pan-AfricanismThe principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.16
8069429573Export EconomiesA function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade.17
8069429574Cash CropsA crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.18
8069429575TeaA hot drink made by infusing the dried, crushed leaves of the tea plant in boiling water.19
8069429576Cecil RhodesA British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.20
8069429577GoaA state of west-central India on the Malabar Coast. Formerly a Portuguese colony (1510-1961), it was annexed by India in 1962 and formed a constituent part of the union territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu until 1987.21
8069429578PondicherryA union territory of India, on the Coromandel Coast: formerly the chief settlement of French India.22
8069429579Corvee Laborers1. unpaid labor (as toward constructing roads) due from a feudal vassal to his lord. 2 : labor exacted in lieu of taxes by public authorities especially for highway construction or repair.23
8069429580Indentured LaborersA person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country.24
8069429581Penal ColonyA settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory.25
8069429582ConvictsA person found guilty of a criminal offense and serving a sentence of imprisonment.26
8069429583MonoculturesThe cultivation of a single crop in a given area.27
8069429584QuinineA bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark, used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug.28
8069429585Suez CanalAn artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.29
8069429586Charles DarwinHe created a theory of biological evolution stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.30
8069429587PhrenologistsA pseudo medicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules.31
8069429588Social DarwinismThe theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.32
8069429589Herbert SpencerAn English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.33
8069429590David LivingstoneA Scottish congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of the late-19th-century in Victorian Britain.34
8069429591AfrikanersAn Afrikaans-speaking person in South Africa, especially one descended from the Dutch and Huguenot settlers of the 17th century.35
8069429592Xhosa Cattle Killing MovementProphetess whose prophecies led to a millennialist movement that culminated in this crisis of 1856-1857, in what is now the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa.36
8069429593Concentration CampsA place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.37
8069429594AboriginesA person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times.38
8069429595MaoriA member of the aboriginal people of New Zealand, the Polynesian language of the Maori.39
8069429596White Australia PolicyAustralia's previous approach to immigration which favoured applicants from certain countries. The first Act of Parliament passed after Federation was the Immigration Restriction Act (1901), also known as....40
8292952159SyncretismMany forced and free migrants practicing the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. An example would be African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into the practice of Christianity41

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