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| 8874744800 | Short Distance Signaling | Messenger molecules are involved in local signaling that travel only short distances |  | 0 |
| 8874744801 | Synaptic Signaling | A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell |  | 1 |
| 8874744802 | Endocrine Signaling | endocrine cells secrete hormones, which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells |  | 2 |
| 8874744803 | Reception | The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein |  | 3 |
| 8874744804 | Transduction | A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response |  | 4 |
| 8874744805 | Signal Transduction Pathway | A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction |  | 5 |
| 8874744806 | Response | The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity | 6 | |
| 8874744807 | Ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor |  | 7 |
| 8874744808 | Examples of Transmembrane Receptors | G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels | 8 | |
| 8874744809 | Ligand-gated Ion Channel | A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape | | 9 |
| 8874744810 | Testosterone | A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics |  | 10 |
| 8874744811 | Transcription Factor | Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time |  | 11 |
| 8874744812 | Protein Kinases | Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein |  | 12 |
| 8874744813 | Second Messengers | Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions |  | 13 |
| 8874744814 | cAMP | Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase |  | 14 |
| 8874744815 | Cell Signaling Disruptors | Diabetes, neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides, cholera, anthrax, antihistimines | 15 | |
| 8874744816 | Diabetes | The ligand insulin is not produced (Type 1) or the insulin receptor does not bind to the ligand (Type 2) | 16 | |
| 8874744817 | Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that produces an impulse in a muscle cell | 17 | |
| 8874744818 | botulism toxin (botox) | A toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine, preventing muscular contraction | 18 | |
| 8874744819 | anti depressants | drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine , which elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression | 19 | |
| 8874744820 | Epinephrine | An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose | 20 | |
| 8874744821 | direct contact signaling | Direct signaling can occur by transferring signaling molecules across gap junctions or plasmodesmata between neighboring cells | 21 | |
| 8874744822 | neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. | 22 | |
| 8874744823 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 23 | |
| 8874744824 | glucagon | A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. | 24 | |
| 8874744825 | insulin | A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues | 25 | |
| 8874744826 | amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. | 26 | |
| 8874744827 | myelin sheath | a fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse | 27 | |
| 8874744828 | resting potential | when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge | 28 | |
| 8874744829 | action potential | A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus. | 29 | |
| 8874744830 | sodium potassium pump | Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron. | 30 | |
| 8874744831 | sodium channel protein | opens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization | 31 | |
| 8874744832 | occipital lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information | 32 | |
| 8874744833 | hypothalamus | A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones. | 33 | |
| 8874744834 | pituitary gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. | 34 |
