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| 9865260762 | Trench Warfare | land warfare used in WW1 in which opposing sides "dug in" and fought in fortified trenches facing each other often in a stalemate, the land in between the trench lines was called "no man's land" , trench life was pretty terrible, filled woth disease, hunger, boredom, and danger, the objective was always to cross no man's land and take the opposing side's trenches, but this didn't happen often, because usually it was a stalemate | 0 | |
| 9865264788 | War Guilt Clause | clause included in the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept all responsibility for the war and had to pay a huge reparation sum of 1.32 billion gold marks to the Entente powers | 1 | |
| 9865270087 | Treaty of Versailles | treaty signed on June 28,1919 in the Hall of Mirrors in paris, Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all armed forces 2) Germany had to repair war damages 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. | 2 | |
| 9865276843 | War Communism | economic system that existed in Russia from 1918 to 1921,was introduced by Lenin to combat the economic problems brought on by the civil war in Russia, land was nationalized and factories had to be run by a committee of factory workers, eventually replaced with the New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed for a return of some private enterprise but the government still controlled the "heights of industries" | 3 | |
| 9865284705 | Bolsheviks | a group in Russia who called for revolution to destroy a capitilistic system, under the leadership of Vladmir Lenin, this grup wanted to seixe power on behalf of the woirking class, seized power after the October Revolution and then would go through a bloody civil war to maintain power for the next couple of years against thr "white" forces (had changed their name to communists by this time), the "Red Terror" ensued, where the communists just killed anyone who went against them | 4 | |
| 9865293352 | Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory to aquire land("living space") for Germany that was necessary for the country's natural development, motive for the western expansion of Nazi Germany | 5 | |
| 9865293353 | League of Nations | 1920, established to prevent new causes of conflict that come from peace treaties,Was not particuraly effective in maintaining the peace. Though the idea came from Pres. Woodrow Wilson, The US didn't join the league and because of the determination to be less involved in European affairs. Weakened league from the beginning.League's only weapon for stopping aggression was economic sanctions, basis of modern international relations | 6 | |
| 9865300192 | Axis Powers | the coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, followed by the proclamation of an "axis" binding Rome and Berlin (October 25, 1936), with the two powers claiming that the world would henceforth rotate on the Rome-Berlin axis | 7 | |
| 9883875889 | Grossdeutsch vs Kleindeutsch | During the process of German unification there were two major theories. Grossdeustchland (literally "Large Germany") was the idea of Germany unified with Austria. Under the Grossdeutschland system, everyone who spoke German would be unified under one government. Kleindeustchland (literally "Small Germany") was the idea of Germany being unified without Austria. | 8 | |
| 9883943178 | New Imperialism | 1850-1870, reboot of colonization with new economic policies (mostly driven by capitalism) primarily in Africa's interior. Africa has many raw materials, mainly gold, rubber, and diamonds. It was also a new market too which the European powers could export goods and bankers invested in Africa. | 9 | |
| 9883977168 | Conference of Berlin | 1884-1885, Bismarck comes out of retirement for this gathering of fourteen European nations in Berlin to divide Africa among the European powers because Europe cannot afford to fight a war over Africa, and the balance of power they had achieved was threatened by the scramble for Africa. However, no one from Africa was invited to this conference. It established the Congo Free Trade Zone-which said that no one can own the Congo River-, no one can take someone else's land, whoever owns the land has to develop and own it, and any country taken over must be politically stable. It banned the exportation of slaves and only two places remained independent-Ethiopia and Liberia. | 10 | |
| 9884017472 | Meiji Restoration | 1800s, when Matthew Perry ended Japan's isolation, Japan decided to rapidly westernize so they don't get taken over. They end their feudalistic system and write a constitution. In the 1840s, they still had samurais, but by 1895, they had won the Sino-Japanese War in which they beat China and took territory from them. They then got involved in the Russo-Japanese War where the won against Russia and took Korea and Manchuria. | 11 | |
| 9884042712 | Boxer Rebellion | 1900-1901, Chinese nationalists rebel against foreign powers in China. The strongest European powers come and crush the rebellion. They take Beijing and execute all those involved. They then make China pay 61 billion in silver to pay for the rebellion. | 12 | |
| 9884059668 | Opium War | 1840s, when Europe opened to China to trade, they exported massive amounts of opium there and got the population addicted. As an act of rebellion, Chinese citizens threw 40,000 tons of opium into a river, destroying it. Britain responds by destroying the Chinese army. It is ended by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 which forces China to pay for the war and imposes the Open Door Policy which says that China cannot impose tariffs and any European colony can trade with them. Britain also gets Hong Kong through this. Extraterritoriality is established which says that a foreigner cannot be charged in any country besides his own. | 13 | |
| 9884101158 | The White Man's Burden | An idea backed by Social Darwinism (the stronger ethnicities have the right to conquer the other ethnicities because they are not strong enough to do it themselves) that Europe is the civilized world. Therefore, the European men or "civilized men" have the duty to bring people to the civilized world. Along with this came a missionary zeal that converted many native populations to Christianity. The term was coined by Rudyard Kipling, and the idea is shown in his poem, Gunga Din that illustrates that native populations should be subservient to the Europeans | 14 | |
| 9902267922 | The Thermidorian Reaction | July 1794; A period in France during which Robespierre and other radicals were attacked in the National Convention. This also marked the phase leading up to the suspension of the National Convention by the Directory. During this time, the people of France continued to complain about the lack of rights. | 15 | |
| 9902271214 | Cahiers de Doleances | March-April 1789; letters that stated the grievances of the Three Estates of France during the French Revolution. These letters were ordered for by Louis XIV and discussed in the Estates General. They discussed issues regarding taxes as well as voting and hunting rights. | 16 | |
| 9902277790 | Committee of Public Safety | 1793; An organization that came to power during the French Revolution. It was comprised of the Girondins, led by Danton, and the Jacobins, led by Robespierre. Eventually led by Robespierre, this committee was charged with the task of promoting and upholding the common good of the people of France. | 17 | |
| 9902286345 | Great Fear | July-August 1789; A period of the French Revolution resulting from fear and a shortage of grain which caused people to believe in a famine plot. The peasants grew tired of their conditions and decided to destroy the estates and records of the nobility. This was a manifestation of the increased hostility between the nobles and the peasants. Consequently, the August Decrees were issued to abolish feudalism. | 18 | |
| 9902292237 | Women's March of Versailles | A major event of the French Revolution which occurred on October 5, 1789. Women who had been outraged over the high price and scarcity of bread allied with radical revolutionaries and marched to Versailles where they forced the king to return with them to Paris to resolve the problems that the country was facing. This symbolized a shift in power and changes that were to come by the hand of the Third Estate. | 19 | |
| 9902298814 | Sans-Culottes | Late eighteenth century; French for "without pants," they were a group of French people who established the Paris Commune, led by Danton, which was a government within Paris that operated outside the Legislative Assembly. They later performed mock trials in which the executed 1200 prisoners who refused to accept Revolutionary values. This event came to be known as the September Massacre. | 20 | |
| 9902302916 | Code of Napoleon | 1804; Code issued by Napoleon Bonaparte that helped to replace many feudal aspects of France. Generally accepted by the people, some of these reforms still used today include religious freedom, abolition of feudalism, and meritocracy in government. | 21 | |
| 9902312262 | Congress of Vienna | November 1814-June 1815; An assembly of European powers with the goal of fixing Europe by bringing about peace and success. This assembly saw the emergence of the Quadruple Alliance (England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia), the establishment of the Principle of Legitimacy, and the creation of the Boundaries of 1790 (basic borders of modern Europe). | 22 | |
| 9902317625 | Concordat | 1801; An agreement signed in Paris by Napoleon I and Pope Pius VII that made Roman Catholicism somewhat of a state religion in France and granted Napoleon control over church finances and appointing bishops. This restored papal power but altered the Church-State relationship of the country. | 23 | |
| 9909697846 | king leopold ii | king of belgium. abusive to native africans. establishes the international african association. profits greatly from colonizing and mistreating Africa. 1865-1909 | 24 | |
| 9909766455 | cecil rhodes | a british financier, entrepreneur, adventurer, and prime minister of the cape colony who desired/envisioned a railroad that would connect all the east coast of africa-"from cape to cairo". modern day zimbabwe/former rhodesia was named after him. 1853-1902 | 25 | |
| 9909814638 | sepoy rebellion | 1857. in india. Use of pig fat to grease rifle cartridges that was against the religious belief of indian troops in the british army resulted in this revolt. as a result of this rebellion, the rule of the east india company and establishment of british direct rule in india. | 26 | |
| 9909860338 | pan-slavism | a major ideal supported by organizations such as the black hand in serbia and eastern europe. the ideal states that all slavic speaking people should be united. | 27 | |
| 9909901475 | dual alliance | 1879. created by bismarck. it was a military treaty between germany and the austrian-hungarians. later this alliance forced germany to issue a blank check of military support for austria and germany had to declare war on serbia/russia. | 28 | |
| 9909944020 | militarism | 1900's. european nations are making technological advancements wish to declare and go to war with other european nations. this ideal encourages that nations should have a strong military and be prepared to go to war at any second. it is a major cause of the world wars. | 29 | |
| 9909984279 | imperialism | 1900's. european nations want to gain more land/colonies to prove their political prowess/dominance. A major cause of WWI. | 30 | |
| 9910012897 | moroccan crisis | 1905-1911. germany has a new leadership and desire morocco. france and britain have entered into an alliance-entente cordiale and france got some of morocco. germany encourages france to rebel against the french. france resolves diplomatically, but 6 years later, germany sends ships to morocco and the world sees this as a threat to the triple entente and germany is forced to respect french control and signs the treaty of fez. germany gets aggravated and starts instigating conflict. a cause of WWI. | 31 | |
| 9910259809 | Gallipoli Campaign | (1915) First amphibious offensive, very unsuccessful. Planned by Winston Churchill. Fought in the Dardanelles Strait. The goal was to take Istanbul, removing the Ottoman Empire from the war. The battle was fought by the Allies (French and British) assisted by the Aussie and new Zealand army cores. The Central power were represented by the Ottomans and the Germans. It's was an 8 month offensive resulting in allied withdrawal to Egypt. The naval front was a disaster for the allies and the landing forces were almost all killed. The beaches ran red for days following the battle. | 32 | |
| 9910112257 | schlieffen plan | 1897. Germany's main objective is to avoid encirclement/a two front war. this plan stated that to avoid a two front war, germany would rapidly deploy and defeat france by way of belgium and then redeploy against russia. they want to deploy in wings. however, they do not factor in that human beings cannot march for 24 hours straight. | 33 | |
| 9912942456 | Bastille | A fortress in Paris that served as a political prison. It was attacked by citizens of the 3rd Estate on July 14, 1789. They thought it would have hundreds of prisoners unjustly incarcerated. As it turned out there were only 7 prisoners and they were all nobles or nobles children. They massacred the fortress anyways and tore it apart brick by brick. Thus event is still celebrate in French particularly by Parisians. | 34 | |
| 9913069716 | Reign of Terror | The excessively violent period of time during the French Revolution under the rule of Robespierre. Robespierre headed the Committee of public safety. This oppressive government body publicly executed thousands using the guillotine for treason. This period was ended by the Thermidorian Reaction. | 35 | |
| 9913069717 | Estates General | the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm, the 1st was the nobility the 2nd was the clergy and the 3rd was everyone else. It was in favor of the king and upper classes because they over rule the 3rd estate by a 2/3 majority in any decision. | 36 | |
| 9913069718 | Estates System | Under France's Old Regime, society was divided into three "Estates" The 1st was Nobility. The 2nd was the clergy and the 3rd was everyone else. The 3rd estate was the only class required to pay taxes. This infuriated them and forced many into poverty by the 1780s | 37 | |
| 9913107179 | Jacobins | Extreme revolutionaries who believed enemies of the revolution needed to be killed. The proposed a republic and sought to exterminate the their political enemies to achieve their ideal government. | 38 | |
| 9913107180 | Girodins | Moderate political faction among leaders of the French Revolution; favored keeping the king alive. Proposed a constitutional Monarchy. | 39 | |
| 9913116748 | National Convention | French radical legislative body called to write a democratic constitution. | 40 | |
| 9914044024 | Erwin Rommel | (1891-1944)-One of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. He received one of the highest German military awards and was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. | 41 | |
| 9914086847 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | (1940-1945)-A network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the original concentration camp), Auschwitz II-Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III-Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, of whom at least 1.1 million died- 90% were Jews. | 42 | |
| 9914203644 | Peterloo Massacre | Occurred at St. Peter's field, Manchester, England in 1819 when a cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000-80,000 people who were gathered to demand for parliamentary representation. 15 people were killed and 400-700 were injured | 43 | |
| 9914571219 | Carlsbad Decrees | A set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation in 1819 after a conference held in Carlsbad, Bohemia. They banned nationalist fraternities, removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. | 44 | |
| 9914618203 | Prague Conference | The Prague Conference, was held in Prague, Austria-Hungary 1912. Eighteen Bolsheviks attended. At the conference, Vladimir Lenin and his supporters broke away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and formed their own, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolsheviks). The conference was meant to be secret; Lenin had instructed: "No-one, no organisation must know about this". However, every detail was known to the Okhrana, the secret police of the Russian Empire. | 45 | |
| 9914738191 | July Revolution | The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution led to the overthrow of King Charles X. It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, to the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by popular sovereignty. | 46 | |
| 9914856526 | Chartists | Were a group of working class people that were for a movement for political reform in Britain from 1838-1857. Their goal was to secure their aims by constitutional methods. Petitions were signed by millions of working people and were then presented to the House of Commons. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage. | 47 | |
| 9914960174 | Bismarck | 1815-1898 he was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire. He abolished the German Confederation and instead formed the North German Confederation as the first German national state. He formed the German Empire in 1871, unifying Germany with himself as Imperial Chancellor, while retaining control of Prussia at the same time. He used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe. He came up with the policy named realpolitik, and German unification and its rapid economic growth was the foundation to his foreign policy. | 48 | |
| 9915385923 | Franco-Prussian War | Referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 - 10 May 1871) it was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. | 49 | |
| 9914614423 | FDR | Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as the 32nd U.S. president in 1932. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or "fireside chats." His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. Reelected by comfortable margins in 1936, 1940 and 1944, FDR led the United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. He spearheaded the successful wartime alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States and helped lay the groundwork for the post-war peace organization that would become the United Nations. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945. | 50 | |
| 9914631014 | Royal Air Force | (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history. In particular, it played a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain. | 51 | |
| 9914269747 | Joseph Stalin | (1878-1953)- He was the dictator of the USSR from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Coming to power after Lenin's death, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II but then had a conflict with the U.S. knows the Cold War (1946-1991). | 52 | |
| 9914386521 | Winston Churchill | A soldier, politician and most notably Prime Minister of England (1940-1945 and 1951-1955). He was one of Britain's greatest 20th-century heroes. Greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech; led the British during WWII to victory; was eventually thrown out by his own people. | 53 | |
| 9914450536 | Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill that stated the countries' aims for the outcome of the war. Stated that: people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security. Neither country would acquire new territory as a result of WWII and they would work towards peace after the war. | 54 | |
| 9918026600 | D-Day Invasion | (June 6th 1944) This amphibious attack began the Battle of Normandy by which the allied forces (Americans, British, Canadians) liberated Western Europe from Nazi control. Can be seen as the beginning of the end of the War in Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was commander of this operation. | 55 | |
| 9919358626 | HMS Luistania | May 7, 1915-British passenger vessel, Germany believed it was carrying war material. Germany published their intentions in NY newspaper but was not taken seriously. A U-20 sunk the Lusitania and 1201 souls lost (128 Americans). Then on September 9th 1915, Germany suspended their policy of sinking without warning | 56 | |
| 9919393799 | Vladimir Lenin | born in 1870, trained as a lawyer, in 1894, he was arrested and exiled to Switzerland for his socialist ideals. Lenin believed the weak provisional government was ready for a revolution so German shipped Lenin in the sealed train in 1917 with money and men to overthrow the government and remove Russia from war. "peace, land, bread" During the "October" revolution, Bolsheviks overthrew the PG and established a Russian Soviet Federate Socialist Republic. Lenin's policies: land was nationalized and should be turned over to local rural land committee and factories should be turned over to a committee of workers | 57 | |
| 9919441849 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | March 3, 1918-Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany which Germany gained Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces. However once the sealed train was opened, Bolshevism would become an epidemic that would work to consume Europe | 58 | |
| 9919454410 | The 14 Points | Woodrow Wilson's plan for postwar Europe; main ideas: open covenants of peace, absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, removal of all economic barriers and establishment of an equality of trade conditions, adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, evacuation of all Russian territory, Belgium must be evacuated and restored, all french territory should be freed and invaded portions be restored, readjustment of frontiers of Italy, people of Austria-Hungary should have freest opportunity, Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated, Turkish portions should be secure sovereignty, independent polish state, general association among nations should be created | 59 | |
| 9919540152 | Weimar Germany | The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a national assembly after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated. From its uncertain beginnings to a brief season of success and then a devastating depression, the Weimar Republic experienced enough chaos to position Germany for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. (History.com) | 60 | |
| 9919565879 | Command Economy | means of production are publicly owned and economic activity is controlled by a central authority that assigns quantitative production goals and allots raw materials to productive enterprises. In such a system, determining the proportion of total product used for investment rather than consumption becomes a centrally made political decision. After this decision has been made, the central planners work out the assortment of goods to be produced and the quotas for each enterprise. Consumers may influence the planners' decisions indirectly if the planners take into consideration the surpluses and shortages that have developed in the market. The only direct choice made by consumers, however, is among the commodities already produced. (Britannica.com) | 61 | |
| 9920382963 | Sadler Commission | 1830s, this was an investigation made by parliament on child labor. They found that children were over worked, hungry, beaten, and sick | 62 | |
| 9920396905 | Thomas Malthus | 1766-1834,He was a clergy man who wrote Essay on the principle of population. He is important because he introduced the idea that food supply should be the means to govern a nation's population. He feared rapid population growth. | 63 | |
| 9920410744 | David Ricardo | 1772-1823,He wrote In the Principles of Economic Economy. He impacted the revolution because he came up with the idea of iron law. This was the idea that if wages increased, so would the birth rate. But, if the birth rate increased, so would the work force and then wages would decrease. And so on. | 64 | |
| 9920419398 | Capitalism | Adam Smith,economic system based on free market, private ownership as means of production, not controlled by the state. | 65 | |
| 9920422157 | Child Labor Law | during industrial revolution, children as young as 5 years old were working in the factories. They were being overworked and some were working over 8 hours per day. Laws were soon put in place to limit the age children were allowed to work and for how many hours. They also required that the children attend school. | 66 | |
| 9920426908 | Industrial Proletariat | Industrial proletariats were the new urban working class who moved from the rural areas to the city. They are people who earn wages for their labor in the factories. | 67 | |
| 9920429598 | Jeremy Bentham | 1748-1832, philosopher who proposed utilitarianism | 68 | |
| 9920434606 | Utilitarianism | JeremyBentham,the doctrine that an action is right insofar as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct. | 69 | |
| 9921654483 | Hiroshima | Japanese city that was hit with the first atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Led to the end of WWII. Preceded by firebombing campaigns. | 70 | |
| 9921697711 | Yalta Conference | 1945 strategy meeting in Yalta (Soviet Union) between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin (the big 3) Demanded Germany's unconditional surrender and spilt Germany into 4 parts which led to the Cold War. Stalin promised to hold free elections, but went back on this promise. | 71 | |
| 9922415603 | United Nations | an organization of independent states formed in 1945 after WWII in San Francisco to promote international peace and security. There were 51 initial member states and 5 members of the Security Council. An unanimous agreement had to be reached to make a decision. | 72 | |
| 9922415604 | Potsdam Conference | The third meeting of the Big Three; this time including Truman, in 1945, held in Germany, decided on German war reparations for WWII, Demanded unconditional surrender from Japan | 73 | |
| 9922433629 | Iron Curtain | a term used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to refer to the "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations under the USSR in Europe dividing | 74 | |
| 9922433630 | Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) it both helped the European nations rebuild after WWII as well as help curb the spread of communism by convincing European nations to be democratic. The Soviet nations refused to participate in this program | 75 | |
| 9923104529 | Comte de Saint-Simon | (1760-1825) a French political and economic theorist and businessman whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science. He created a political and economic ideology known as industrialism that claimed that the needs of an industrial class (working class) needed to be recognized and fulfilled to have an effective society and an efficient economy. He stressed the need for recognition of the merit of the individual and the need for hierarchy of merit in society and in the economy.He strongly criticized any expansion of government intervention into the economy. His ideology inspired utopian socialism, anarchism, and Marxism. | 76 | |
| 9923114280 | The Old Regime | (The Ancien Régime)- the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution. | 77 | |
| 9923131799 | The National Assembly | During the French Revolution, the National Assembly, which existed from June 13, 1789 to July 9, 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate (the common people) of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly. It was was formed as an act of rebellion against the French monarchy and nobility and to form a just governmental body to fairly represent the suffering people of France. | 78 | |
| 9923136421 | The Tennis Court Oath | On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Estates-General or the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established". It was a pivotal event in the French Revolution. | 79 | |
| 9923148313 | Declaration of Pillnitz | a statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. It declared the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and of Prussia for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution. | 80 | |
| 9923555131 | Robespierre | (1758-1794) French lawyer and politician; leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror; member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club; an outspoken advocate for the poor and for democratic institutions; played an important role in the execution of King Louis XVI; responsible for countless deaths at the hands of Madame Guillotine; reign of terror ended with his execution and the Thermidorian reaction began. | 81 | |
| 9923563924 | Marat | (1743- 1793) a French political theorist, physician, and scientist who became best known for his role as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution. He was one of the most radical voices of the French Revolution. He became a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, publishing his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers, which helped make him their unofficial link with the radical, republican Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793. | 82 | |
| 9923568409 | Danton | a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, in particular as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. "the chief force in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic". He was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of venality and leniency toward the enemies of the Revolution. | 83 | |
| 9975866463 | NAZI | Originally the German Workers' Party, this extremist group was led to power by Hitler. It originally attempted the Beer Hall Putsch, which failed, but rose to prominence through political violence. When Hitler was made chancellor in 1933, he banned all non-Nazi political parties, but destroyed the Nazi political army (the S.A). | 84 | |
| 9975871473 | Totalitarianism | A form of government run by a dictator; fascist Germany and Italy were both examples of this | 85 | |
| 9975892299 | Fascism | An extreme right-wing ideology based in total subservience to the state and obsession with national identity; rejected democracy and socialism in favor of a strong leader with a centralized government | 86 | |
| 9975916175 | Ghettoes | Jewish people in both Germany and the nations it conquered were forced to reside in a special section of the city, as well as to wear a Star of David on their clothing and suffer destruction of property and loss of jobs and citizenship. | 87 | |
| 9975971410 | Blitzkrieg | Lightning war: a swift, merciless attack utilizing tanks and warplanes to invade. This was used by the German army to quickly conquer Poland at the beginning of World War Two. | 88 | |
| 9975984781 | Nonaggression Pact | In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union (after Stalin attempted to negotiate with Britain and France) signed this treaty, which allowed for the German invasion of Poland and Soviet seizure of Finland, the Baltic States, and east Poland. | 89 | |
| 9976014680 | Gestapo | The German secret police, who silenced dissenters against the Nazis and were the main agents of the Holocaust. | 90 | |
| 9976042148 | Red Army | The army of the Soviet Union | 91 | |
| 9976062377 | Lutwaffe | The German air force, who bombed British cities during the Blitz | 92 |
