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| 5849689967 | Asymmetric federalism | A system where power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions, often the result of specific laws negotiated between the region and the central government. | 0 | |
| 5849689968 | Bolsheviks | A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. | 1 | |
| 5849689969 | Boyars | Land owning aristocracy in early Russia; Russian nobles | 2 | |
| 5849689970 | Central Committee | A group present during the Soviet era to which top government officials belonged. A 300-member party leader organization that met twice a year; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership. | 3 | |
| 5849689971 | Collectivization | Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes. | 4 | |
| 5849689972 | Confederation of Independent States | multi-national organization of 15 former Soviet republics; holds little formal power, but binds the nations together through trade agreements | 5 | |
| 5849689973 | Chechnya | A primarily Muslim region in the Caucasus that has fought for years for their independence from Russia | 6 | |
| 5849689974 | Constitutional Court | Highest body in the Russian legal system, responsible for constitutional review | 7 | |
| 5849689975 | Crimean War | (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. | 8 | |
| 5849689976 | CPRF | The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, it is the second-strongest party in Russia today. The party emphasizes centralized planning and nationalism, and implies an intention to regain territories lost when the Soviet Union broke apart. | 9 | |
| 5849689977 | Cultural heterogeneity | Cultures and ethnic groups are mixed within a region | 10 | |
| 5849689978 | Decembrist Revolt | Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hung. This was the first modern revolutionary movement in Russia. | 11 | |
| 5849689979 | Democratic centralism | The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite; a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests | 12 | |
| 5849689980 | de-Stalinization | Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved outside the Kremlin Wall; Khrushchev did this because he disliked Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens | 13 | |
| 5849689981 | Duma | Elected national legislature in Russia; lower house, but one with the most power | 14 | |
| 5849689982 | Federation Council | The 178-seat upper house of Russia. Wields relatively little power and represents local interests. It must approve bills that involve certain issues, and can reject Duma legislation, but only within certain parameters. | 15 | |
| 5849689983 | Five Year Plans | Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. | 16 | |
| 5849689984 | Glasnost | "Openness; called for increased transparency in government institutions and activities within the USSR; Mikhail Gorbachev. | 17 | |
| 5849689985 | Gosplan | the State Planning Commission which oversaw Stalin's series of five year plans | 18 | |
| 5849689986 | Kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor; they were their own class. | 19 | |
| 5849689987 | Marxism-Leninism | an expanded form of communism developed by Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries. | 20 | |
| 5849689988 | Near abroad | Russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former Soviet Union. | 21 | |
| 5849689989 | New Economic Policy | Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry | 22 | |
| 5849689990 | Nomenklature (sometimes spelled nomenclature) | a system of choosing people from lower levels of the party hierarchy for advancement based on their loyalty and contributions to the well-being of the part, recruits its leaders | 23 | |
| 5849689991 | Oligarchs | a small group of powerful and wealthy individuals who gained ownership and control of important sectors of Russia's economy in the context of the privatization of state assets in the 1990s | 24 | |
| 5849689992 | Perestroika | A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society | 25 | |
| 5849689993 | Politburo | A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia | 26 | |
| 5849689994 | Presidential-parliamentary system | mix between presidential and parliamentary systems that exists in Russia; president, who is head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government and a member of Duma; president has more power than in most other systems | 27 | |
| 5849689995 | Russian Orthodox Church | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments | 28 | |
| 5849689996 | Slavophile v. Westernizer | Slavophile - supporters of traditional Russian culture versus Westernizers - supporters of modernizing and westernizing Russia | 29 | |
| 5849689997 | Totalitarianism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) without regard to citizen's personal civil liberties | 30 | |
| 5849689998 | Tsars/Czars | Absolute ruler of Russia from 14th to 20th centuries | 31 | |
| 5849689999 | zemstvas | regional assemblies established by Czar Alexander II in an attempt to please intellectuals | 32 |
