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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4896292684isomerscompounds- same molecular formula, different structural formulas0
4896292685structural isomersdiffer in arrangement of atoms and often in location of double bonds1
4896292686geometric isomerssame covalent bonds, differ in arrangement around double bond2
4896292687enantiomersleft and right handed (mirror images) of each other3
4896292688macromoleculelarge molecule made by joining smaller molecules together4
4896292689polymerchainlike molecule formed by linking together man similar small molecule (monomers)5
4896292690dehydration synthesisreaction joining monomers to form polymers or other macromolecules6
4896292691hydrolysisbreaking of bonds between monomers through the addition of water7
4896292692Carbohydrates-sugars and their polymers -sugars serve as fuel and carbon sources -have general formula of (CH2O)n monosaccharides8
4896292693glucoseCARBOHYDRATES -C6H12O6 -broken down to yield energy in cellular respiration9
4896292694disaccharideCARBOHYDRATES -two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides10
4896292695glucose+fructose=CARBOHYDRATES sucrose (table sugar)11
4896292696glucose+glucose=CARBOHYDRATES maltose12
4896292697polysaccharidesCARBOHYDRATES -polymers of sugars -have storage and structural roles13
4896292698starchCARBOHYDRATES -energy storage molecule -polymer made of glucose molecules joined b 1-4 linkages (helical shape) -polymer of a-glucose14
4896292699glycogen-storage molecule in plants -highly branched polymer of glucose -polymer of a-glucose15
4896292700celluloseCARBOHYDRATES -major structural component of plant cells (most abundant organic compound on earth) β linkages of cellulose cannot be broken down by the enzymes that digest starch-> very few organisms (some bacteria, microorganisms and fungi) are able to digest cellulose16
4896292701chitinCARBOHYDRATES -polysaccharides that from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing group -found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of many fungi -polymer of b-glucose17
4896292702lipids-fats, phospholipids, steroids -do not form polymers18
4896292703fats (Triglycerides)LIPIDS composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol19
4896292704fatty acidLIPIDS long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at end20
4896292705glycerolLIPIDS 3-carbon alcohol21
4896292706ester linkagesLIPIDS bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group (links fatty acid to glycerol22
4896292707unsaturated fatty acidsLIPIDS -has c=c bond -kinked/liquid -fats of plants and fishes -more unsaturated, the better -2+ covalent bonds23
4896292708saturated fatty acidsLIPIDS - no c=c bonds -solid -animal fats -cardio diseases -single covalent bond24
4896292709phospholipidsLIPIDS -glycerol linked to two acids and a negatively charged phosphate group -phosphate is hydrophilic, water soluble -fatty acid is hydrophobic - in cell membrane, head face out, tail face in25
4896292710Proteins-consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into 3-D, shapes determines functions26
4896292711polypeptidePROTEINS polymer of amino acids27
4896292712R groupPROTEINS -variable side chain that gives each amino acid its unique physical and chemical properties -hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds28
4896292713peptide bondPROTEINS links amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another formed b dehydration synthesis rxn29
4896292714Four Levels of Protein StructurePROTEINS -biologists use x-ray crystallography and computer modeling to establish the 3D shapes of protein Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: coiling or folding of amino acid chain (polypeptide), stabilized by hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another, can be coiled (a helix) or pleated (B pleated helix) Tertiary structure: interactions between R groups produce unique shape for each protein, maintained b disulfide bonds Quaternary structure: proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains in precise arrangement.30
4896292715denaturationPROTEINS -interactions that give proteins their shape can be disrupted by changes in pH, slat concentration, or temperature -causes proteins to lose their shape and function31
4896292716disulfide bridgesPROTEINS covalent bonds between sulfhydryl side groups of cysteine monomers32
4896292717nucleic acidsmacromolecules that carry and transmit the genetic code33
4896292718DNANUCLEIC ACIDS -deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next, deoxyribose sugar34
4896292719RNANUCLEIC ACIDS -ribonucleic acid, transcribes genetic information from the DA and directs the synthesis of proteins, ribose sugar35
4896292720nucleotideNUCLEIC ACIDS -building blocks of nucleic acids- consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base -pyrimidine: nitrogenous bases consisting of single ring, cytosine (C) both DNA RNA, thymine (T) DNA and uracil (U) RNA -purine: nitrogenous base consisting of two rings, adenine (A) and guanine (G)36
4896292721monomers or componentssugars: monosaccharides lipids: fatty acids proteins: amino acids nucleic acids: nucleotides37
4896292722polymer or large moleculesugars: polysaccharides lipids: triacylglycerols proteins: polypeptides nucleic acids: polynucleotides38
4896292723type of linkagesugar: glycosidic linkages lipids: ester linkages proteins: peptide bonds nucleic acids: phosphodiester linkages39
4896292724Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone?lipid40
4896292725What is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone?hydrogen41
4896292726Which molecule have a central carbon atom with 4 different components around it?amino acids42
4896292727Which molecule have a sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group?nucleic acid43
4896292728What three structural groups shown do all amino acids have in common?amine, carboxyl and R group with hydrogen44
4896292729Functions of 4 biological macromoleculescarbohydrates: energy storage, receptors, structure of plant cell wall, cellulose, glucose, deoxyribose, methionine proteins: enzymes, structure, receptors, transport lipids: membrane structure, energy storage, insulation, enzymes, chemical signaling(hormones) nucleic acids: information storage and transfer45
4896292730Chemical properties of hydrocarbons-composed of only carbon and hydrogen, -contains a large amount of stored energy, -may have linear, branched or ring structures, insoluble in water46
4896292731the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of carbon is determined bythe number of electrons in its outermost electron shell47
4896292732Proteins are able to perform man diverse biological functions becausethe are polymers formed from chemically diverse subunits which can fold into many different shapes48
4896292733The sugar subunits in the DNA backbone are joined by what type of bonds?phosphodiester bonds49
4896292734salt and vinegar preserve our food byhigh heat, low pH, and high salt concentrations50
4896292735DNA is a good for storage of energy because...Ladder structure holds same info, so if some get damaged, it can be recovered51
4896292736Advantage of fat-dense, doesn't take up a lot of room -reserved for future use -doesn't weight as much52
4896292737Carboxylic acid group53
4896292738amine group54
4896292739phosphate group55
4896292740sugar group56
4896292741nitrogen base57
4896292742starch in a chloroplast58
4896292743starch59
4896292744monosaccharide60
4896292745nucleotide61
4896292746intermediate filament62
4896292747polypeptide63
4896292748amino acid64
4896292749adipose cell with fat droplets65
4896292750triglyceride66
4896292751fatty acid67
4896292752dehydration reaction68
4896292753hydrolysis reaction69
4896292754glucose70
4896292755sucrose71
4896292756maltose72
4896292757phosphodiester bonds73
4896292758dipeptide74
4896292759how do one make a polypeptide?with two amino acid group75
4896292760glucose+fructose=lactose (sugar in milk)76
4896292761fatty acid-hydrocarbons with carbonyl group at the end of the chain77
4896292762monounsaturated fatty acid fat-one double covalent bond78
4896292763phospholipids79
4896292764steroidsbackbone of four linked carbon rings80
4896292765steroids81
4896292766nitrogen basesadenine-thymine cytosine-guanine82
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