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| 8934655455 | "The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners . . . is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will . . ." | reflects the philosophy of someone who supports: absolute monarchy | 0 | |
| 8934655456 | Beheaded and replaced by a Republic in France at the end of the 18th century | King Louis XVI | 1 | |
| 8934655457 | "Prices should be regulated by the laws of supply and demand, or the 'invisible hand' " | Adam Smith's book, Wealth of Nations | 2 | |
| 8934655458 | "The people rushed against the place . . . They took all the arms, discharged the prisoners and such of the garrison as were not killed in the first moment of fury, carried the Governor and Lieutenant governor to the Greve, cut off their heads, and set them through the city in triumph to the Palais royal." | The event Thomas Jefferson is describing in this passage was the assault on the Bastille. | 3 | |
| 8934655459 | economic philosophies promoted government regulation of the economy, but only when businesses were exploiting workers | communism | 4 | |
| 8934655461 | "Second Estate" under France's ancien régime | the nobility | 5 | |
| 8934655462 | most likely to support the Reign of Terror | sans-culottes | 6 | |
| 8934655463 | Under the National Assembly | France became a constitutional monarchy | 7 | |
| 8934655464 | Napoleon is asserting he is the source of his own authority. |  | 8 | |
| 8934655460 | Marie Antoinette |  | 9 | |
| 8934655466 | The invention shown here contributed to a revolution in the textile industry |  | 10 | |
| 8934655467 | During WWI, the area depicted was of great importance to the Allies as a way to transport supplies to Russia. |  | 11 | |
| 8934858010 | Charles V | Assumed control of the Hapsburg Empire and crowned by the Pope | 12 | |
| 8934858011 | Louis XIV | "L'État, c'est moi." ("The state, it is me."). This statement shows the idea of divine right of kings | 13 | |
| 8934858012 | Don Quixote | this work by Miguel de Cervantes showed romantic notions of knighthood and chivalry. | 14 | |
| 8934858013 | Philip II | He influenced the art of Spain's golden age by financial support to artists. | 15 | |
| 8935027437 | The Glorious Revolution | was a rejection of ideas Absolute Monarchy like those expressed by James I. | 16 | |
| 8935027438 | a cabinet system | Which of the following was a chief characteristic of Britain's constitutional government in the 1700s? | 17 | |
| 8935027439 | Thomas Hobbes | "The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners . . . is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will . . ." This quote best reflects the philosophy of | 18 | |
| 8935027440 | Joseph II abolishing serfdom in Austria | An example of a monarch supporting Enlightenment reform | 19 | |
| 8936597442 | Adam Smith | This quote by a modern economist reflects the ideas of which of the following Enlightenment thinkers? "Manufacturing and commercial monopolies owe their origin not to a tendency [naturally found in a] capitalist economy but to governmental interventionist policy directed against free trade and laissez-faire."—Ludwig Von Mises, Austrian economist | 20 | |
| 8936597443 | popular sovereignty | All government power ultimately derives from the consent of the people being governed. | 21 | |
| 8936597444 | the nobility | Which group made up the "Second Estate" under France's ancien régime? | 22 | |
| 8936597445 | sans-coulottes | Which group in France would have been most likely to support the Reign of Terror? | 23 | |
| 8936597446 | Battle of Saratoga | a turning point in the American Revolution; It persuaded other nations to ally themselves with the American colonists. | 24 | |
| 8936597447 | National Assembly | Turned France into a constitutional monarchy | 25 | |
| 8936597448 | Directory | Its weak and corrupt actions ultimately lead to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte | 26 | |
| 8936597449 | A multi-ethnic diverse empire and constant revolts | challenges the Hapsburgs faced after the Thirty Years' War | 27 | |
| 8936597450 | Liberté, égalité, fraternité | ( French for "liberty, equality, fraternity")slogan of the French Revolution and the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" upheld similar principles. | 28 | |
| 9088516645 | CHAPTER 3 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | 29 | ||
| 9088516647 | Industrial Revolution | the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. | 30 | |
| 9088516648 | Anesthetic | a drug to prevent pain during surgery | 31 | |
| 9088516649 | Enclosure | the legal process in England of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm | 32 | |
| 9088516650 | James Watt | a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world | 33 | |
| 9088516651 | Smelt | a process of applying heat to ore to melt out a base metal | 34 | |
| 9088516652 | Capital | consists of anything that can enhance a person's power to perform economically useful work. Capital goods, real capital, or capital assets are already-produced, durable goods or any non-financial asset that is used in production of goods or services | 35 | |
| 9088516653 | Enterprise | an organization that provides goods and services for human needs. | 36 | |
| 9088516654 | Entrepreneur | an owner or manager of a business enterprise who makes money through risk and initiative | 37 | |
| 9088516655 | putting-out system | a means of subcontracting work. Historically, it was also known as the workshop system and the domestic system. | 38 | |
| 9088516656 | Eli Whitney | an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South | 39 | |
| 9088516657 | Turnpike | another term for a toll road and historically the term for a toll gate or barrier | 40 | |
| 9088516658 | Liverpool and Manchester | two British cities connected by the world's first major rail line in 1830 | 41 | |
| 9189110845 | 3.2 Key Terms | 42 | ||
| 9189110846 | Urbanization | population shift from rural to urban areas | 43 | |
| 9189110847 | tenement | a multi-occupancy building of any sort | 44 | |
| 9189110848 | labor union | an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers | 45 | |
| 9189110849 | standard of living | the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area, usually a country. | 46 | |
| 9189110850 | social mobility | the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society | 47 | |
| 9189110851 | free market | system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, | 48 | |
| 9189110852 | Thomas Malthus | argued that population multiplies geometrically and food arithmetically; therefore, whenever the food supply increases, population will rapidly grow to eliminate the abundance | 49 | |
| 9189110853 | Jeremy Bentham | English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism | 50 | |
| 9189110854 | Utilitarianism | an ethical theory which states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. "Utility" is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities | 51 | |
| 9189110855 | Socialism | a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production | 52 | |
| 9189110856 | means of production physical, non-human and non-financial inputs used for the production of economic value | raw materials, the facilities, machinery and tools used in the production of good | 53 | |
| 9189110857 | Robert Owen | a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropic social reformer, and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement | 54 | |
| 9189110858 | Karl Marx | his theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as Marxism—hold that human societies develop through class struggle. | 55 | |
| 9189110859 | Communism | the philosophical, social, political and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state | 56 | |
| 9189110860 | 57 | |||
| 9189110861 | 3.3 Key Terms | 58 | ||
| 9189110862 | Henry Bessemer | an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century for almost one century from year 1856 to 195 | 59 | |
| 9189110863 | Alfred Nobel | Known for inventing dynamite, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. | 60 | |
| 9189110864 | Michael Faraday | an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. | 61 | |
| 9189110865 | Dynamo | an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. | 62 | |
| 9189110866 | Thomas Edison | an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. | 63 | |
| 9189110867 | interchangeable parts | crucial to the introduction of the assembly line at the beginning of the 20th century, and has become an important element of some modern manufacturing but is missing from other important industries. | 64 | |
| 9189110868 | Orville and Wilbur Wright | designed, built, and flew the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air airplane on December 17, 1903 | 65 | |
| 9189110869 | Guglielmo Marconi | an Italian inventor and electrical engineer. He was a pioneer of long-distance radio transmission | 66 | |
| 9189110870 | Corporation | a business firm where each of the partners invest a sum of money in as the capital of the corporation | 67 | |
| 9189110871 | Louis Pasteur | a French microbiologist and chemist. He and his wife, Marie, are best known for their experiments supporting the germ theory of disease, and he is also known for his vaccinations, most notably the first vaccine against rabies | 68 | |
| 9189110872 | Robert Koch | won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for studying tuberculosis | 69 | |
| 9189110873 | Florence Nightingale | an English nurse. She helped create the modern techniques of nursing. She became a leader of the team of nurses who helped wounded soldiers during the Crimean War | 70 | |
| 9189110875 | cult of domesticity | a term used by some historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and the United Kingdom. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family | 71 | |
| 9189110876 | temperance movement | a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages | 72 | |
| 9189110877 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement | 73 | |
| 9189110878 | Sojourner Truth | an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist | 74 | |
| 9189110879 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. | 75 | |
| 9189110880 | social gospel | a movement in North American Protestantism which applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war | 76 | |
| 9189110881 | romanticism | 77 | ||
| 9189110882 | William Wordsworth | a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798) | 78 | |
| 9189110883 | Victor Hugo | a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, 1831 | 79 | |
| 9189110884 | Ludwig van Beethoven | a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Classical music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers | 80 | |
| 9189110885 | realism | 81 | ||
| 9189110886 | Charles Dickens | an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era; | 82 | |
| 9189110887 | Louis Daguerre | a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography | 83 | |
| 9189110888 | Impressionism | 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles | 84 | |
| 9189110889 | Claude Monet | a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting | 85 | |
| 9189110890 | Vincent van Gogh | a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art | 86 |
