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| 7885333911 | Skeletal Cartilage | -Made of some variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function -Surrounded By a layer of dense irregular connective tissue -contains no nerves or blood vessels - ability to spring back after compressed -mainly water | 0 | |
| 7885333912 | perichondrium | -Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage -Acts like a girdle to resist out word expansion when Cartilage is compressed - contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach cells internally | 1 | |
| 7885333913 | types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage | 2 | |
| 7885333914 | components of Cartilage | -Cells are chondrocytes -Lacunae- cells are encased in small cavities -All are in a extra cellular matrix -Matrix contains jelly like substance and fibers -Has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis | 3 | |
| 7885333915 | Growth of cartilage | Appositional growth and interstitial growth | 4 | |
| 7885333916 | Bone functions | Support provide framework, protection, Anchorage, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, hormone production, triglyceride storage (fat) | 5 | |
| 7885333917 | Bone classification | -Axial skeleton(skull vertebrae column and rib cage), -appendicular( upper and lower limbs and girdles) -Long bones has a shaft and two ends - short bones cube shaped - flat bone or thin,flattened, bit curved - irregular bone complicated shapes | 6 | |
| 7885333918 | spongy bones | Internal layer, is porous highly vascular, in his inner portion made of trabeculae Makes bone lighter and provide space for bone marrow | 7 | |
| 7885333919 | compact bones | External layer, covered by periosteum, serves for attachment of muscles, provides protection and gives durable strength | 8 | |
| 7885333920 | Cells of bone tissue | Osteocytes, osteogenic, osteoblast, osteoclast | 9 | |
| 7885333921 | Osteocytes are | Mature bone cells | 10 | |
| 7885333922 | osteogenic cells | stem cells | 11 | |
| 7885333923 | Osteoblasts | Bone building cells | 12 | |
| 7885333924 | Osteoclasts | Bone resorbing cell | 13 | |
| 7885333925 | Osteons | Structural unit of compact bone Elongated cylinder parallel to the long axis of bone | 14 | |
| 7885333926 | Lamella | Matrix tube Concentric layers where organic matrix is deposited Collagen fibers in bone salts Surround a common center called the Haversian Canal | 15 | |
| 7885333927 | Volkmann's canals | connect Haversian canals How blood gets inside bone | 16 | |
| 7885333928 | Lacunae | Small cavities in the bone or cartilage that hold individual bones or cartilage cells. | 17 | |
| 7885333929 | Canaliculi | Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal | 18 | |
| 7885333930 | interstitial lamellae | Areas between the Haversian systems arranged irregularly | 19 | |
| 7885333931 | organic components of bone | bone cells and osteoid | 20 | |
| 7885333932 | Osteoid | Makes up 1/3 of the matrix unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen | 21 | |
| 7885333933 | inorganic components | 65% of mass,mineral salts Largely calcium phosphate | 22 | |
| 7885333934 | Ossification | Process of bone formation Embryo eight weeks until born the process is for bony skeleton Later called bone growth until adulthood | 23 | |
| 7885333935 | intermembranous ossification | -bone development within a membrane -how skull bones develop At eight weeks of development begins with in fibrous CT membranes formed by mesenchymal cells | 24 | |
| 7885333936 | endochondral ossification | All bones below the skull 90% except for clavicles are formed process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Begins at the primary ossification center | 25 | |
| 7885333937 | Steps of endochondral ossification | Underlying mesenchymal cells specialize in to osteoblast 1. A bone color forms around the diaphysis 2. Cartlidge in the center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities 3. The periosteum bud invades The internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms 5. The epiphyses ossify | 26 | |
| 7885333938 | Steps of intramembranous ossification | 1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane 2. Osteoid is secreted with in the fibrous membrane and calcifies 3. Woven bone and periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep into the periosteum, Red marrow appears | 27 | |
| 7885333939 | Growth in length of long bone | Growth in length of long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate Proliferation zone- Cartlidge cells undergo mitosis Hypertrophic zone- older Cartlidge cells enlarge Calcification zone- Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix begins degenerating blood vessels invade cavity Ossification zone- New bone forms | 28 | |
| 7885333940 | epiphyseal plate closure | occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse | 29 | |
| 7885333941 | Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone | 30 | |
| 7885333942 | medullary cavity | Cavity lined with a thin layer of connective tissue you called Endosleum and contains yellow bone marrow | 31 | |
| 7885333943 | Epiphysis | End of a long bone | 32 | |
| 7885333944 | red bone marrow | hemopoietic tissue, within the trabecular cavities | 33 | |
| 7885333945 | nutrient foramina | "openings"; nerve fibers and blood vessels supply the periosteum through these openings | 34 | |
| 7885333946 | epiphyseal plate | Is between the diaphysis and epiphanies where mitotic activity takes place | 35 | |
| 7885333947 | epiphyseal line | Replaces the plate when bone growth is complete | 36 | |
| 7885333948 | Periosteum | Dense white fibrous tissue covering bone, highly vascular layer, a place for tendon muscle attachment | 37 | |
| 7885333949 | interstitial growth | During infancy and young long bones Lincoln of the epiphyseal plate Cartilage and it's replacement | 38 | |
| 7885333950 | appositional growth | increase in bone thickness | 39 | |
| 7885333951 | non displaced fracture | bone ends retain their normal position | 40 | |
| 7885333952 | displaced fracture | A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and not in anatomic alignment. | 41 | |
| 7885333953 | complete fracture | bone is broken all the way through | 42 | |
| 7885333954 | incomplete fracture | bone is not broken all the way through | 43 | |
| 7885333955 | compound fracture | bone breaks through the skin | 44 | |
| 7885333956 | simple fracture | bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin | 45 | |
| 7885333957 | fracture treatment | 1. A hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occurs | 46 | |
| 7885333958 | Hematoma | Clot forms at fracture, bone cells die, become swollen painful inflamed | 47 | |
| 7885333959 | fibrocartilaginous callus | "Soft callus" capillaries grow into the hematoma and phagocytic cells begin cleanup, fibroblast and osteoblast begin rebuild | 48 | |
| 7885333960 | bony callus | a callus made of spongy bone | 49 | |
| 7885333961 | bone remodeling | Remodeling a spongy bone and compact bone | 50 | |
| 7885333962 | joint structure | Material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present | 51 | |
| 7885333963 | Types of structural joints | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial | 52 | |
| 7914323128 | Synovial joints have a joint cavity | True | 53 | |
| 7914323129 | Function of joint | Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint | 54 | |
| 7914323130 | Three types of joint function | Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic | 55 | |
| 7914323131 | Synarthrotic | immovable joint | 56 | |
| 7914323132 | Amphiarthrotic | Slightly movable | 57 | |
| 7914323133 | Diarthrotic | Freely movable | 58 | |
| 7914323134 | fibrous joints | Has NO joint cavity consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together | 59 | |
| 7914323135 | Three types of fibrous joint | Sutures, Syndesmosis, Gomphoses, | 60 | |
| 7914323136 | Sutures | "Sewing together" very stable because the opposing Bones have interlocking | 61 | |
| 7914323137 | Syndesmosis | Bones connected by ligaments Varies between synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic distal attachment of tibia and fibula | 62 | |
| 7914323138 | Gomphosis | A bolting together binds the teeth into the jaw synarthrotic | 63 | |
| 7914323139 | cartilaginous joints | Have NO joint cavity allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (ribs to sternum) | 64 | |
| 7914323140 | Two types of cartilaginous joints | synchondroses and symphyses | 65 | |
| 7914323141 | Synchondrosis | -bones are bound by hyaline cartilage Found at the epiphyseal plate -Ex. rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage Synarthrotic | 66 | |
| 7914323142 | symphysis | growing together (as in symphysis pubis) Separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage intervertebral dics Amphiarthrotic | 67 | |
| 7914323143 | synovial joints | Contain a joint cavity Diarthrosis are freely movable joints the bones are separated by a fluid. The fluid is called synovial fluid. Most of the bodies joints all of the limbs. | 68 | |
| 7914323144 | All synovial joints are diarthrosis and all diarthrosis are synovial joints | True | 69 | |
| 7914323145 | Characteristics of synovial joint | Has a articular Cartlidge (absorption) Has a joint cavity Articular Cartlidge is the hyline Cartlidge of a joint | 70 | |
| 7914323146 | Synovial Joint capsule | is composed of dense irregular connective tissue on the tough external fibrous layer. On the inner layer of capsule is synovial membrane that is composed of loose connective tissue | 71 | |
| 7914323147 | Types of synovial joint | Temporomandibular, shoulder, hip, knee | 72 | |
| 7914323148 | temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | Luxtion dislocated Subluxation partial dislocated | 73 | |
| 7914323149 | Shoulder Joints | "Ball socket" stability is compromised, 1/3 the size of a humeral head. Glenoid labrum secures the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity ligaments are coracohumeral, glenohumeral, four tendons (rotator cuff) | 74 | |
| 7914323150 | hip joint | ball and socket Stability is not compromised. The head of the femur is smaller than the acetabular fossa after the labrum is added the head is fit snugly to where it is rare for the head to come out. The ligament/tendon's keep the head "screwed in". | 75 | |
| 7914323151 | Knee Joints | Most complex, one joint cavity, has three joints in one. Common knee injuries are known as the three C's. Collateral ligament's, cruciate, and Cartlidges . Cartlidge is vascular so healing will not happen | 76 | |
| 7914323152 | Arthritis | Is the most widespread crippling disease in the US. Over 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joint | 77 | |
| 7914323153 | Forms of arthritis | Acute and chronic | 78 | |
| 7914323154 | acute arthritis | what kind of arthritis usually results from bacterial invasion? | 79 | |
| 7914323155 | chronic arthritis | Long term | 80 | |
| 7914323156 | Two main types of arthritis | Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid | 81 | |
| 7914323157 | Osteoarthritis | Degenerative joint disease | 82 | |
| 7914323158 | rhematoid arthritis | Inflammatory autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflammated | 83 | |
| 7914323159 | Osteophytes are: | bony spurs | 84 | |
| 7914323160 | Crepitus | A crackling sound most often used to refer to bones rubbing against one another. | 85 | |
| 7914323161 | Four categories of tissue | Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscular tissue | 86 | |
| 7914323162 | Characteristics of muscle | Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity | 87 | |
| 7914323163 | Muscle Excitability | Ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus | 88 | |
| 7914323164 | Contractility | Ability to shorten and thicken | 89 | |
| 7914323165 | Extensibility | Ability to extend or stretch | 90 | |
| 7914323166 | Elasticity | ability to recoil to resting length Ie return to original shape | 91 | |
| 7914323167 | Functions of muscle | Motion, maintain posture, stabilize and strengthen joints, protection, heat production | 92 | |
| 7914323168 | Three types of muscle tissue | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth | 93 | |
| 7914323169 | skeletal muscles | striated and voluntary | 94 | |
| 7914323170 | cardiac muscle | Only in the heart, striated, involuntary | 95 | |
| 7914323171 | smooth muscle | visceral, nonstriated, involuntary | 96 | |
| 7914323172 | fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle | 97 | |
| 7914323173 | Types of Fascia (CT) | Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium | 98 | |
| 7914323174 | Epimysium | "Outside the muscle" surrounds all the Fascicles muscle bundles | 99 | |
| 7914323175 | Perimysium | "Around" covering on the fascicles( bundles) each one | 100 | |
| 7914323176 | Endomysium | "Within" surrounds each muscle fiber cell their functions keep muscles from over stretching, carries blood vessels and nerves | 101 | |
| 7914323177 | Tendons | Attach muscle to bone | 102 | |
| 7914323178 | Aponeuroses | Sheet-like structure flattened | 103 | |
| 7914323179 | Epimysium | surrounds entire muscle | 104 | |
| 7914323180 | fascicles are | is a collection of muscle bundles to make up the muscle which are surrounded by Perimysium | 105 | |
| 7914323181 | Five types of architecture of muscle fascicles | Parallel, fusiform, convergent, pennate, circular | 106 | |
| 7914323182 | muscle cell | Is a collection of fibers to make up the fascicles they are surrounded by the endomysium | 107 | |
| 7914323183 | Skeletal muscle cell | Cylindrical, multi-nucleated, long | 108 | |
| 7914323184 | Sarcolemma | Plasma membrane of a muscle cell | 109 | |
| 7914323185 | Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm of a muscle cell | 110 | |
| 7914323186 | Myofibrils | Make up the muscle fiber cell contains myofilaments protein plus actin | 111 | |
| 7914323187 | Myofilaments are | Protein plus acting or myosin | 112 | |
| 7914323188 | actin filaments | thin filaments F-actin, troponin, and tropomyosin | 113 | |
| 7914323189 | Myosin | Thick filament Protein, rod like with heads | 114 | |
| 7914323190 | sarcoplasmic reticulum | Is smooth endoplasmic reticulum interconnecting tubules surrounded each myofibril releases calcium for contraction | 115 | |
| 7914323191 | Calcium is high outside the cell, low inside the cell, high in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, and high in the T tubules | True | 116 | |
| 7914323192 | terminal cisternae | Perpendicular cross channels | 117 | |
| 7914323193 | T- tubules | Infolding of sarcolemma they wrap around and connect all myofibrils allow nerve impulses to travel deep into the cell | 118 | |
| 7914323194 | triad relationship | Terminal cisternae, T-tubule, terminal cisternae the terminal cisternae sits on both sides of the T-tubules | 119 | |
| 7914323195 | Myofilaments | Actin and myosin organized into highly ordered units called sarcomeres | 120 | |
| 7914323196 | Sarcomeres | Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. Is the area between 2 Zdisc | 121 | |
| 7914323197 | Z disc | Consist of actin myosin and elastin | 122 | |
| 7914323198 | I band | Is the area of thin filament only a part of two sarcomere I band overlaps the A band | 123 | |
| 7914323199 | A band | The entire thick filament. A band does not overlap I band | 124 | |
| 7914323200 | H zone | Thick filament only | 125 | |
| 7914323201 | myosin cross bridge | Calcium will bind to the complex to change the shape, myosin can now bind, the attachment of the myosin is called a cross bridge | 126 | |
| 7914323202 | Myosin 2 forms | High energy Myosin head is cocked back Low energy when attached to binding site At rest the myosin head is at high energy you need ATP for both contraction and releasing. | 127 | |
| 7914323203 | myosin heads | Stores ATP (few seconds) | 128 | |
| 7914323204 | creatinine phosphate | Storage molecule of ATP 10 sec | 129 | |
| 7914323205 | Max muscle power | Myosin and creatinine provide about 14- 16 seconds of Max muscle power | 130 | |
| 7914323206 | Anaerobic | Glycolysis splitting of glucose Yields 2 ATP | 131 | |
| 7914323207 | Aerobic | ( rest and light to moderate exercise 95% of ATP) yields 36 ATP | 132 |
